Towards a taxonomy of process flexibility (extended version)

Effective business processes must be able to accommodate changes to the environment in which they operate, e.g., new laws, changes in business strategy. The ability to encompass such changes is termed process flexibility. In this paper, we take a deeper look into the various ways in which flexibility can be achieved and propose a comprehensive taxonomy of these methods which identifies both the manner in which each of them is facilitated, and also the various configuration options and alternatives that exist in each case. This taxonomy is subsequently used to evaluate a selection of process-aware information systems and identify their potential to deploy flexible business processes.

[1]  Amit Sheth From contemporary workflow process automation to adaptive and dynamic work activity coordination and collaboration , 1997, SIGG.

[2]  Clarence A. Ellis,et al.  A Workflow Change Is a Workflow , 2000, Business Process Management.

[3]  John Krogstie,et al.  Evaluating flexible workflow systems , 1997, Proceedings of the Thirtieth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[4]  van der Wmp Wil Aalst,et al.  Dealing with workflow change: identification of issues and solutions , 2000 .

[5]  D. K. Hammer,et al.  TREX, workflow TRansaction by means of EXceptions , 1998 .

[6]  Hajo A. Reijers Workflow Flexibility: The Forlorn Promise , 2006, 15th IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WETICE'06).

[7]  Johann Eder,et al.  The Workflow Activity Model WAMO , 1995, CoopIS.

[8]  Rajeev Rastogi,et al.  ConTracts - A Low-Level Mechanism for Building General-Purpose Workflow Management-Systems. , 1995 .

[9]  Wil M. P. van der Aalst,et al.  Dynamic, Extensible and Context-Aware Exception Handling for Workflows , 2007, OTM Conferences.

[10]  Shazia Wasim Sadiq,et al.  On Building Workflow Models for Flexible Processes , 2002, Australasian Database Conference.

[11]  Wil M.P. van der Aalst,et al.  YAWL: yet another workflow language , 2005, Inf. Syst..

[12]  Dickson K. W. Chiu,et al.  ADOME-WFMS: Towards Cooperative Handling of Workflow Exceptions , 2000, Advances in Exception Handling Techniques.

[13]  Jacques Wainer,et al.  Constraint-Based Flexible Workflows , 2003, CRIWG.

[14]  Gustavo Alonso,et al.  Flexible exception handling in the OPERA process support system , 1998, Proceedings. 18th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (Cat. No.98CB36183).

[15]  Wil M. P. van der Aalst,et al.  Facilitating Flexibility and Dynamic Exception Handling in Workflows through Worklets , 2005, CAiSE Short Paper Proceedings.

[16]  Kuldeep Kumar,et al.  Defining Requirements for Business Process Flexibility , 2006, BPMDS.

[17]  Diane M. Strong,et al.  Exceptions and exception handling in computerized information processes , 1995, TOIS.

[18]  Akhil Kumar,et al.  A dynamic warehouse for XML Data of the Web. , 2001 .

[19]  Wil M. P. van der Aalst,et al.  Flexible Workflow Management Systems: An Approach Based on Generic Process Models , 1999, DEXA.

[20]  Richard N. Taylor,et al.  Techniques for Supporting Dynamic and Adaptive Workflow , 2000, Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).

[21]  Giorgio De Michelis,et al.  Improving Flexibility of Workflow Management Systems , 2000, Business Process Management.

[22]  Gregor Joeris Defining Flexible Workflow Execution Behaviors , 1999, Enterprise-wide and Cross-enterprise Workflow Management.

[23]  Alain Wegmann,et al.  Business Process Flexibility: Weick's Organizational Theory to the Rescue , 2006, BPMDS.

[24]  Ruth Breu,et al.  CBRFlow: Enabling Adaptive Workflow Management Through Conversational Case-Based Reasoning , 2004, ECCBR.

[25]  Wil M. P. van der Aalst,et al.  Generic Workflow Models: How to Handle Dynamic Change and Capture Management Information? , 1999, CoopIS.

[26]  Justus Klingemann,et al.  Controlled Flexibility in Workflow Management , 2000, CAiSE.

[27]  Wil M. P. van der Aalst,et al.  Inheritance of workflows: an approach to tackling problems related to change , 2002 .

[28]  Gustavo Alonso,et al.  Advanced transaction models in workflow contexts , 1996, Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Data Engineering.

[29]  Manfred Reichert,et al.  Enterprise-wide and Cross-enterprise Workflow Management:Concepts, Systems, Applications , 1999 .

[30]  Stefanie Rinderle-Ma,et al.  Change Patterns and Change Support Features in Process-Aware Information Systems , 2007, Seminal Contributions to Information Systems Engineering.

[31]  Frank Leymann,et al.  Workflow-Based Applications , 1997, IBM Syst. J..

[32]  Christopher P. Holland,et al.  On the architecture and form of flexible process support , 2007, Softw. Process. Improv. Pract..

[33]  Wil M. P. van der Aalst,et al.  Exterminating the Dynamic Change Bug: A Concrete Approach to Support Workflow Change , 2001, Inf. Syst. Frontiers.

[34]  Ilia Bider,et al.  Defining business process flexibility with the help of invariants , 2007, Softw. Process. Improv. Pract..

[35]  Schahram Dustdar,et al.  Caramba—A Process-Aware Collaboration System Supporting Ad hoc and Collaborative Processes in Virtual Teams , 2004, Distributed and Parallel Databases.

[36]  Santosh K. Shrivastava,et al.  Flexible workflow management in the OPENflow system , 2001, Proceedings Fifth IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference.

[37]  Grzegorz Rozenberg,et al.  Dynamic change within workflow systems , 1995, COCS '95.

[38]  Maria E. Orlowska,et al.  Pockets of Flexibility in Workflow Specification , 2001, ER.

[39]  Fabio Casati,et al.  Workflow Evolution , 1996, ER.

[40]  Manfred Reichert,et al.  Adeptflex—Supporting Dynamic Changes of Workflows Without Losing Control , 1998, Journal of Intelligent Information Systems.

[41]  Wil M. P. van der Aalst,et al.  Constraint-Based Workflow Models: Change Made Easy , 2007, OTM Conferences.

[42]  George M. White,et al.  On handling exceptions , 1995, COCS '95.

[43]  Stefan Jablonski,et al.  A comprehensive approach to flexibility in workflow management systems , 1999, WACC '99.

[44]  Peter Dadam,et al.  Correctness criteria for dynamic changes in workflow systems - a survey , 2004, Data Knowl. Eng..

[45]  Mathias Weske,et al.  Formal foundation and conceptual design of dynamic adaptations in a workflow management system , 2001, Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[46]  Peter Dadam,et al.  ADEPT Workflow Management System: , 2003, Business Process Management.

[47]  Wil M. P. van der Aalst,et al.  Change Mining in Adaptive Process Management Systems , 2006, OTM Conferences.

[48]  Selmin Nurcan,et al.  A benchmarking framework for methods to design flexible business processes , 2007, Softw. Process. Improv. Pract..

[49]  Gustavo Alonso,et al.  Exception Handling in Workflow Management Systems , 2000, IEEE Trans. Software Eng..

[50]  Gil Regev,et al.  Taxonomy of Flexibility in Business Processes , 2006, BPMDS.

[51]  Mathias Weske,et al.  Case handling: a new paradigm for business process support , 2005, Data Knowl. Eng..

[52]  Bernhard Westfechtel,et al.  DYNAMITE: DYNAMIc Task nEts for software process management , 1996, Proceedings of IEEE 18th International Conference on Software Engineering.

[53]  Daniela Grigori,et al.  Anticipation to Enhance Flexibility of Workflow Execution , 2001, DEXA.

[54]  John Noll Flexible Process Enactment Using Low-Fidelity Models , 2003 .

[55]  Remo Pareschi,et al.  Generalized process structure grammars GPSG for flexible representations of work , 1996, CSCW '96.

[56]  Fabio Casati,et al.  Specification and implementation of exceptions in workflow management systems , 1999, TODS.

[57]  P. Soffer,et al.  On the Notion of Flexibility in Business Processes , 2005 .

[58]  Maria E. Orlowska,et al.  Managing Change and Time in Dynamic Workflow Processes , 2000, Int. J. Cooperative Inf. Syst..

[59]  G. Regev,et al.  A Regulation-Based View on Business Process and Supporting System Flexibility , 2005 .

[60]  Thomas Herrmann,et al.  Vagueness in models of socio-technical systems , 1999, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[61]  Johann Eder,et al.  Workflow recovery , 1996, Proceedings First IFCIS International Conference on Cooperative Information Systems.

[62]  Wil M. P. van der Aalst,et al.  Worklets: A Service-Oriented Implementation of Dynamic Flexibility in Workflows , 2006, OTM Conferences.

[63]  Manfred Reichert,et al.  Change Support in Process-Aware Information Systems - A Pattern-Based Analysis , 2007 .

[64]  van der Wmp Wil Aalst,et al.  Workflow control-flow patterns : a revised view , 2006 .

[65]  Wil M. P. van der Aalst,et al.  Declarative and Procedural Approaches for Modelling Clinical Guidelines: Addressing Flexibility Issues , 2007, Business Process Management Workshops.

[66]  Wil M. P. van der Aalst,et al.  A Declarative Approach for Flexible Business Processes Management , 2006, Business Process Management Workshops.

[67]  Gianpaolo Cugola,et al.  Tolerating Deviations in Process Support Systems via Flexible Enactment of Process Models , 1998, IEEE Trans. Software Eng..