Creativity and Bilingualism.

Summary of Studies A number of studies have investigated the relationship between creativity and bilingualism. Twenty-four such studies have been surveyed by the author and these are summarized in Table 1. Twenty of these have found bilinguals to perform better than monolinguals on creativity. Only one study by Withey (1974) has found no differences between the bilinguals and monolinguals, whilst three studies, on the whole, have found a monolingual superiority (Gowan & Torrance, 1965; Lemmon & Goggin, 1989; Torrance, Wu, Gowan & Aliotti, 1970).

[1]  E. Paul Torrance,et al.  Sex Differences in Levels of Performance and Test-Retest Reliability on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking Ability. , 1969 .

[2]  Elizabeth Peal,et al.  The relation of bilingualism to intelligence. , 1962 .

[3]  V. Fu,et al.  Original Thinking in Preschool Children. , 1983 .

[4]  Judith P. Goggin,et al.  The measurement of bilingualism and its relationship to cognitive ability , 1989, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[5]  R. Akhurst.  Creative Thought in Children , 1978 .

[6]  Martin S. Fiebert,et al.  Creativity in the Preschool Child and its Relationship to Parental Authoritarianism , 1977, Perceptual and motor skills.

[7]  R. Landry,et al.  A Comparison of Second Language Learners and Monolinguals on Divergent Thinking Tasks at the Elementary School Level , 1974 .

[8]  Dennis C. Carringer.  Creative Thinking Abilities of Mexican Youth , 1974 .

[9]  A. Richardson.  Sex Differences in Creativity among a Sample of Jamaican Adolescents , 1985 .

[10]  J. F. Jacobs,et al.  Bilingualism and Creativity. , 1966 .

[11]  E. Piers,et al.  The identification of creativity in adolescents. , 1960 .

[12]  E. Paul Torrance,et al.  Creative functioning of monolingual and bilingual children in Singapore. , 1970 .

[13]  Wallace E. Lambert,et al.  Cognitive and attitudinal consequences of bilingual schooling. , 1973 .

[14]  J. Gowan,et al.  An Intercultural Study of Non-Verbal Ideational Fluency , 1965 .

[15]  M. Ramírez,et al.  Divergent Thinking, Cultural Differences, and Bilingualism , 1977 .

[16]  M. Bruck,et al.  COGNITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF BILINGUAL SCHOOLING: THE ST. LAMBERT PROJECT THROUGH GRADE SIX , 1977 .

[17]  R. Landry.  The Relationship of Second Language Learning and Verbal Creativity , 1973 .

[18]  M. Bruck,et al.  BILINGUAL SCHOOLING THROUGH THE ELEMENTARY GRADES: THE ST. LAMBERT PROJECT AT GRADE SEVEN , 1974 .

[19]  K. Dewing.  The reliability and validity of selected tests of creative thinking in a sample of seventh-grade West Australian children. , 1970, The British journal of educational psychology.

[20]  E. Bialystok.  Levels of bilingualism and levels of linguistic awareness. , 1988 .

[21]  N. Okoh.  Bilingualism and Divergent Thinking among Nigerian and Welsh School Children , 1980 .

[22]  J. Kershner,et al.  Effect of sex, intelligence, and style of thinking on creativity: A comparison of gifted and average IQ children. , 1985 .

[23]  T. Raina.  Sex Differences in Creativity in India: A Second Look , 1980 .

[24]  Carolyn Kessler,et al.  Language Minority Children's Linguistic and Cognitive Creativity. , 1987 .