Detecting seasonal change of broad-leaved woody canopy leaf area density profile using 3D portable LIDAR imaging.

Seasonal change of vertical leaf area density (LAD) profiles of woody canopy broad-leaved trees (Zelkova serrata [Thunberg] Makino) was estimated using 3D portable scanning light detection and ranging (LIDAR) imaging. First, 3D point cloud data for the canopy were collected using a portable LIDAR in spring, summer, autumn and winter. For data collection, the canopy was evenly scanned by the LIDAR from three positions 10 m above the ground. Next, the vertical LAD profile in each season was computed from the LIDAR data using the voxel-based canopy profiling (VCP) method. For the computation, non-photosynthetic tissues were eliminated using the LIDAR data obtained during winter. Influence of leaf inclination angle (LIA) on LAD estimation was corrected by LIA data measured by a high-resolution portable scanning LIDAR. The resultant profiles showed that LAD values tended to increase at the upper canopy from spring to summer and decrease at the middle and lower canopy from summer to autumn. Moreover, LIDAR-derived LIA distributions were compared among different seasons. LIA showed an even distribution in spring but changed to a planophile distribution in summer. In autumn, the angles in the <30° class decreased and those between the 30 and 40°classes increased.

[1]  今井 勝,et al.  Studies on Matter Production of Edible Canna (Canna edulis Ker.) II. Changes of dry matter production with growth. , 1993 .

[2]  K. Omasa,et al.  3-D measurement of trees using a portable scanning lidar , 2005 .

[3]  R. Dean Graetz,et al.  Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Ecosystem Structure: An Ecologist’s Pragmatic View , 1990 .

[4]  H. Jones,et al.  Plants and Microclimate. , 1985 .

[5]  Tomas Brandtberg.  Detection and analysis of individual leaf-off tree crowns in small footprint, high sampling density lidar data from the eastern deciduous forest in North America , 2003 .

[6]  S. Ustin,et al.  Modeling airborne laser scanning data for the spatial generation of critical forest parameters in fire behavior modeling , 2003 .

[7]  M. Monsi.  Uber den Lichtfaktor in den Pflanzengesellschaften und seine Bedeutung fur die Stoffproduktion , 1953 .

[8]  Ludger Kappen,et al.  Leaf area index determination in an alder forest: a comparison of three methods , 1996 .

[9]  K. Omasa,et al.  Mapping of tree position of Larix leptolepis woods and estimation of diameter at breast height (DBH) and biomass of the trees using range data measured by a portable scanning lidar , 2002 .

[10]  J. Cihlar,et al.  Plant canopy gap-size analysis theory for improving optical measurements of leaf-area index. , 1995, Applied optics.

[11]  K. Omasa,et al.  Factors contributing to accuracy in the estimation of the woody canopy leaf area density profile using 3D portable lidar imaging. , 2007, Journal of experimental botany.

[12]  K. Omasa,et al.  3D lidar imaging for detecting and understanding plant responses and canopy structure. , 2006, Journal of experimental botany.

[13]  I. Jonckheere,et al.  Influence of measurement set-up of ground-based LiDAR for derivation of tree structure , 2006 .

[14]  W. Cohen,et al.  Lidar Remote Sensing for Ecosystem Studies , 2002 .

[15]  A. Lang.  Estimation of leaf area index from transmission of direct sunlight in discontinuous canopies , 1986 .

[16]  M. Huston,et al.  A comparison of direct and indirect methods for estimating forest canopy leaf area , 1991 .

[17]  H. Oguma,et al.  Estimating the plant area density of a Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Sarg.) plantation using a ground-based laser scanner , 2008 .

[18]  Paul J. Besl,et al.  A Method for Registration of 3-D Shapes , 1992, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[19]  J. Norman,et al.  Instrument for Indirect Measurement of Canopy Architecture , 1991 .

[20]  B. E. Mahall,et al.  Drought and changes in leaf orientation for two California chaparral shrubs: Ceanothus megacarpus and Ceanothus crassifolius , 1985, Oecologia.

[21]  Hervé Sinoquet,et al.  Leaf orientation and sunlit leaf area distribution in cotton , 1997 .

[22]  U. Rascher,et al.  Functional dynamics of plant growth and photosynthesis--from steady-state to dynamics--from homogeneity to heterogeneity. , 2006, Plant, cell & environment.

[23]  Loretta Gratani,et al.  Changes in morphological and physiological traits during leaf expansion of Arbutus unedo , 2002 .

[24]  H. Sinoquet,et al.  Estimating the three-dimensional geometry of a maize crop as an input of radiation models: comparison between three-dimensional digitizing and plant profiles , 1991 .

[25]  M. Lefsky,et al.  Laser altimeter canopy height profiles: methods and validation for closed-canopy, broadleaf forests , 2001 .

[26]  Frédéric Baret,et al.  Review of methods for in situ leaf area index determination Part I. Theories, sensors and hemispherical photography , 2004 .

[27]  Alfonso Valiente-Banuet,et al.  Comparative analysis of leaf angle and sclerophylly of Aspidosperma quebracho‐blanco on a water deficit gradient , 2006 .

[28]  Mikko Inkinen,et al.  A segmentation-based method to retrieve stem volume estimates from 3-D tree height models produced by laser scanners , 2001, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[29]  F. Baret,et al.  Review of methods for in situ leaf area index (LAI) determination: Part II. Estimation of LAI, errors and sampling , 2004 .

[30]  B. Moulia,et al.  Do changes in the azimuthal distribution of maize leaves over time affect canopy light absorption , 1999 .

[31]  H. Mooney,et al.  Plant Physiological Ecology-Field Methods and Instrumentation. , 1990 .

[32]  N. Coops,et al.  Using airborne and ground-based ranging lidar to measure canopy structure in Australian forests , 2003 .

[33]  H. Sinoquet,et al.  Simple equations to estimate light interception by isolated trees from canopy structure features: assessment with three-dimensional digitized apple trees. , 2007, The New phytologist.

[34]  A. Kumura,et al.  Studies on Matter Production in Wheat Plant , 1978 .

[35]  R. Shaw,et al.  Leaf area measurements based on hemispheric photographs and leaf-litter collection in a deciduous forest during autumn leaf-fall , 1989 .

[36]  Kenji Omasa,et al.  Voxel-Based 3-D Modeling of Individual Trees for Estimating Leaf Area Density Using High-Resolution Portable Scanning Lidar , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[37]  G. Qiu,et al.  Accurate estimation of forest carbon stocks by 3-D remote sensing of individual trees. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[38]  Philip J. Radtke,et al.  Laser point-quadrat sampling for estimating foliage-height profiles in broad-leaved forests , 2001 .

[39]  Y. Yamagata,et al.  Comparison of leaf area density measured by laser range finder and stratified clipping method , 2005 .

[40]  H. Sinoquet,et al.  Characterization of the Light Environment in Canopies Using 3D Digitising and Image Processing , 1998 .

[41]  P. Radtke,et al.  Ground-based Laser Imaging for Assessing Three-dimensional Forest Canopy Structure , 2006 .

[42]  Takafumi Tanaka,et al.  Measurement of forest canopy structure by a laser plane range-finding method: Improvement of radiative resolution and examples of its application , 2004 .

[43]  E. Næsset,et al.  Laser scanning of forest resources: the nordic experience , 2004 .

[44]  C. Field,et al.  Scaling physiological processes: leaf to globe. , 1995 .

[45]  K. Omasa,et al.  Three-Dimensional Modeling of an Urban Park and Trees by Combined Airborne and Portable On-Ground Scanning LIDAR Remote Sensing , 2008 .

[46]  David J. Harding,et al.  A portable LIDAR system for rapid determination of forest canopy structure , 2004 .

[47]  Åsa Persson,et al.  Identifying species of individual trees using airborne laser scanner , 2004 .

[48]  K. Omasa,et al.  Estimating vertical plant area density profile and growth parameters of a wheat canopy at different growth stages using three-dimensional portable lidar imaging , 2009 .

[49]  A. Bombelli,et al.  Correlation between leaf age and other leaf traits in three Mediterranean maquis shrub species: Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia and Cistus incanus , 2000 .

[50]  Kenji Omasa,et al.  3-D Remote Sensing of Woody Canopy Heights Using A Scanning Helicopter-borne Lidar System with High Spatial Resolution , 2000 .

[51]  F. Hosoi,et al.  ESTIMATING VERTICAL LEAF AREA DENSITY PROFILES OF TREE CANOPIES USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL PORTABLE LIDAR IMAGING , 2009 .