Influence of type wave and angle of incidence on seismic bending moments in pile foundations.

When analysing the seismic response of pile groups, a vertically–incident wavefield is usually employed even though it does not necessarily correspond to the worst case scenario. This work aims to study the influence of both the type of seismic body wave and its angle of incidence on the dynamic response of pile foundations. To this end, the formulation of SV, SH and P obliquely–incident waves is presented and implemented in a frequency–domain boundary element–finite element code for the dynamic analysis of pile foundations and piled structures. Results are presented in terms of bending moments at cap level of single piles and 3 × 3 pile groups, both in frequency and in time domain. It is found that, in general, the vertical incidence is not the most unfavorable situation. In particular, obliquely–incident SV waves with angles of incidence smaller than the critical one, situation in which the mechanism of propagation of the waves in the soil changes and surface waves appear, yield bending moments much larger than those obtained for vertically–incident wavefields. It is also shown that the influence of pile–to–pile interaction on the kinematic bending moments becomes significant for non–vertical incidence, especially for P and SV waves.