Fabrication, modification, and application of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is particularly useful for microfluidic chips with the features of low price, excellent optic transparency, attractive mechanical and chemical properties, ease of fabrication and modification, biocompatibility, etc. During the past decade, significant progress in the PMMA microfluidic chips has occurred. This review, which contains 120 references, summarizes the recent advances and the key strategies in the fabrication, modification, and application of PMMA microfluidic chips. It is expected that PMMA microchips should find a wide range of applications and will lead to the creation of truly disposable microfluidic devices.

[1]  Sequential electrospray analysis using sharp-tip channels fabricated on a plastic chip , 2001 .

[2]  S. Soper,et al.  Surface modification of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic devices for high‐resolution separations of single‐stranded DNA , 2007, Electrophoresis.

[3]  Adam T Woolley,et al.  Surface-modified poly(methyl methacrylate) capillary electrophoresis microchips for protein and peptide analysis. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  Shawn D. Llopis,et al.  Contact conductivity detection in poly(methyl methacrylate)-based microfluidic devices for analysis of mono- and polyanionic molecules. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[5]  Feng Xu,et al.  DNA separation by microchip electrophoresis using low‐viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose‐50 solutions enhanced by polyhydroxy compounds , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[6]  Yang-Wei Lin,et al.  Analysis of double-stranded DNA by microchip capillary electrophoresis using polymer solutions containing gold nanoparticles. , 2003, Journal of chromatography. A.

[7]  Noritada Kaji,et al.  Rapid analysis of oligosaccharides derived from glycoproteins by microchip electrophoresis. , 2006, Journal of chromatography. A.

[8]  Xuefei Sun,et al.  Fabrication of conductive membrane in a polymeric electric field gradient focusing microdevice. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[9]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate) capillary electrophoresis microchips by in situ surface polymerization. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[10]  R. G. Christensen,et al.  Fabrication of plastic microfluid channels by imprinting methods. , 1997, Analytical chemistry.

[11]  N. Goddard,et al.  Use of miniaturised isotachophoresis on a planar polymer chip to analyse transition metal ions in solutions from metal processing plants. , 2004, Journal of chromatography. A.

[12]  Aaron R Hawkins,et al.  Sacrificial layer microfluidic device fabrication methods , 2006, Electrophoresis.

[13]  D. J. Harrison,et al.  Capillary electrophoresis and sample injection systems integrated on a planar glass chip , 1992 .

[14]  Gang Chen,et al.  Poly(methyl methacrylate) CE microchips replicated from poly(dimethylsiloxane) templates for the determination of cations , 2006, Electrophoresis.

[15]  E. Verpoorte.  Microfluidic chips for clinical and forensic analysis , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[16]  O. Tabata,et al.  Hybrid dynamic coating with n-dodecyl beta-D-maltoside and methyl cellulose for high-performance carbohydrate analysis on poly(methyl methacrylate) chips. , 2006, Analytical Chemistry.

[17]  B. Lin,et al.  Modification of a poly(methyl methacrylate) injection-molded microchip and its use for high performance analysis of DNA. , 2005, Journal of separation science.

[18]  Yu-jiang Xie,et al.  Vacuum-assisted thermal bonding of plastic capillary electrophoresis microchip imprinted with stainless steel template. , 2004, Journal of chromatography. A.

[19]  Shang-Tian Yang,et al.  Surface modification for enhancing antibody binding on polymer-based microfluidic device for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[20]  Feng Xu,et al.  Single-step quantitation of DNA in microchip electrophoresis with linear imaging UV detection and fluorescence detection through comigration with a digest. , 2004, Journal of chromatography. A.

[21]  Francis Barany,et al.  Polymerase chain reaction/ligase detection reaction/hybridization assays using flow-through microfluidic devices for the detection of low-abundant DNA point mutations. , 2006, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[22]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips by redox‐initiated polymerization , 2007, Electrophoresis.

[23]  Laurie Brown,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of poly(methylmethacrylate) microfluidic devices bonded using surface modifications and solvents. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[24]  Catherine Situma,et al.  Immobilized molecular beacons: a new strategy using UV-activated poly(methyl methacrylate) surfaces to provide large fluorescence sensitivities for reporting on molecular association events. , 2007, Analytical biochemistry.

[25]  D. J. Harrison,et al.  Micromachining a Miniaturized Capillary Electrophoresis-Based Chemical Analysis System on a Chip , 1993, Science.

[26]  Agustín Costa-García,et al.  Detection of human immunoglobulin in microchip and conventional capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity measurements. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[27]  Hyeon-Bong Pyo,et al.  A polymer-based microfluidic device for immunosensing biochips. , 2003, Lab on a chip.

[28]  H. E. Canavan,et al.  Plastic microfluidic devices modified with polyelectrolyte multilayers , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[29]  Darwin R. Reyes,et al.  Micro total analysis systems. 2. Analytical standard operations and applications. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[30]  J. Kong,et al.  Deposition of PEG onto PMMA microchannel surface to minimize nonspecific adsorption. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[31]  Bulk modification of polymeric microfluidic devices. , 2005, Lab on a chip.

[32]  Z. Demianová,et al.  Zone electrophoresis of proteins on a poly(methyl methacrylate) chip with conductivity detection. , 2003, Journal of chromatography. A.

[33]  Luyan Zhang,et al.  Fabrication and performance of fiber electrophoresis microchips , 2007, Electrophoresis.

[34]  Xu,et al.  Room-temperature imprinting method for plastic microchannel fabrication , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[35]  S. Shao,et al.  Highly sensitive determination of the methylated p16 gene in cancer patients by microchip electrophoresis. , 2005, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[36]  Adam T Woolley,et al.  Rapid prototyping of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic systems using solvent imprinting and bonding. , 2007, Journal of chromatography. A.

[37]  N. Kaji,et al.  Enhanced electrophoretic resolution of monosulfate glycosaminoglycan disaccharide isomers on poly(methyl methacrylate) chips , 2007, Electrophoresis.

[38]  Yunhua Gao,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate) microchannels by in situ polymerization with a novel metal template , 2003, Electrophoresis.

[39]  Gang Chen,et al.  Fiber‐packed channel bioreactor for microfluidic protein digestion , 2007, Proteomics.

[40]  Gwo-Bin Lee,et al.  Plastic microchip electrophoresis for genetic screening: The analysis of polymerase chain reactions products of fragile X (CGG)n alleles , 2001, Electrophoresis.

[41]  L. Locascio,et al.  Measurement of electroosmotic flow in plastic imprinted microfluid devices and the effect of protein adsorption on flow rate. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[42]  J. Kong,et al.  Strategy for allosteric analysis based on protein-patterned stationary phase in microfluidic chip. , 2005, Journal of proteome research.

[43]  Suman Das,et al.  Experimental and theoretical analysis of direct-write laser micromachining of polymethyl methacrylate by CO2 laser ablation , 2007 .

[44]  Darwin R. Reyes,et al.  Micro total analysis systems. 1. Introduction, theory, and technology. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[45]  Peter C Hauser,et al.  Determination of biochemical species on electrophoresis chips with an external contactless conductivity detector , 2005, Electrophoresis.

[46]  D. Fang,et al.  Separation of double‐stranded DNA fragments in plastic capillary electrophoresis chips by using E99P69E99 as separation medium , 1999, Electrophoresis.

[47]  Masaru Kato,et al.  Creation of an on-chip enzyme reactor by encapsulating trypsin in sol-gel on a plastic microchip. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[48]  Eva Ölvecká,et al.  Separation of proteins by zone electrophoresis on‐line coupled with isotachophoresis on a column‐coupling chip with conductivity detection , 2004, Electrophoresis.

[49]  T. Toyo’oka,et al.  Cationic starch derivatives as dynamic coating additives for analysis of amino acids and peptides using poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic devices. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[50]  Kun Lian,et al.  Microfluidic devices fabricated in poly(methyl methacrylate) using hot-embossing with integrated sampling capillary and fiber optics for fluorescence detection. , 2002, Lab on a chip.

[51]  V. Dolnik,et al.  Wall coating for capillary electrophoresis on microchips , 2004, Electrophoresis.

[52]  Kin Fong Lei,et al.  Microwave bonding of polymer-based substrates for potential encapsulated micro/nanofluidic device fabrication , 2004 .

[53]  Yolanda Y. Davidson,et al.  Surface modification of poly(methyl methacrylate) used in the fabrication of microanalytical devices. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[54]  H. Becker,et al.  Polymer microfluidic devices. , 2002, Talanta.

[55]  Nam-Trung Nguyen,et al.  Low-pressure, high-temperature thermal bonding of polymeric microfluidic devices and their applications for electrophoretic separation , 2006 .

[56]  T. Boone,et al.  Preconcentration and separation of double‐stranded DNA fragments by electrophoresis in plastic microfluidic devices , 2003, Electrophoresis.

[57]  J. Klose,et al.  Two‐dimensional electrophoresis of membrane and cytosol proteins of mouse liver and brain , 1981 .

[58]  Gang Chen,et al.  Fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips by atmospheric molding. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[59]  N. Goddard,et al.  Analysis of chloride, bromide and iodide using miniaturised isotachophoresis on a planar polymer chip. , 2005, The Analyst.

[60]  Andreas Neyer,et al.  A new PMMA-microchip device for isotachophoresis with integrated conductivity detector , 2001 .

[61]  Y. Baba,et al.  Analysis of lipoproteins by microchip electrophoresis with high speed and high reproducibility. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[62]  Gang Chen,et al.  Fabrication of a fiberglass-packed channel in a microchip for flow injection analysis , 2007 .

[63]  Adam T Woolley,et al.  Phase-changing sacrificial materials for solvent bonding of high-performance polymeric capillary electrophoresis microchips. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[64]  Noritada Kaji,et al.  Online preconcentration by transient isotachophoresis in linear polymer on a poly(methyl methacrylate) microchip for separation of human serum albumin immunoassay mixtures. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[65]  Z. Fang,et al.  Static adsorptive coating of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips for extended usage in DNA separations , 2005, Electrophoresis.

[66]  Xuefei Sun,et al.  Adsorption-resistant acrylic copolymer for prototyping of microfluidic devices for proteins and peptides. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[67]  J. Kong,et al.  Site‐specific protein immobilization in a microfluidic chip channel via an IEF‐gelation process , 2007, Electrophoresis.

[68]  Adam T Woolley,et al.  Thermal bonding of polymeric capillary electrophoresis microdevices in water. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[69]  M. Masár,et al.  Determination of organic acids in wine by zone electrophoresis on a chip with conductivity detection. , 2005, Journal of separation science.

[70]  Steven A Soper,et al.  Two-dimensional electrophoretic separation of proteins using poly(methyl methacrylate) microchips. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[71]  V. Dolnik,et al.  Capillary electrophoresis on microchip , 2000, Electrophoresis.

[72]  Frédéric Reymond,et al.  Polymer microfluidic chips for electrochemical and biochemical analyses , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[73]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Contactless conductivity detector for microchip capillary electrophoresis. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[74]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Towards disposable lab‐on‐a‐chip: Poly(methylmethacrylate) microchip electrophoresis device with electrochemical detection , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[75]  Shu-Hui Chen,et al.  Analysis of DNA fragments by microchip electrophoresis fabricated on poly(methyl methacrylate) substrates using a wire‐imprinting method , 2000, Electrophoresis.

[76]  J. Kong,et al.  On‐chip chiral separation based on bovine serum albumin‐conjugated carbon nanotubes as stationary phase in a microchannel , 2006, Electrophoresis.

[77]  A Paulus,et al.  Rapid, parallel separations of d1S80 alleles in a plastic microchannel chip. , 2000, Journal of chromatography. A.

[78]  M. Masár,et al.  Determination of oxalate in urine by zone electrophoresis on a chip with conductivity detection , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[79]  Oliver Geschke,et al.  CO(2)-laser micromachining and back-end processing for rapid production of PMMA-based microfluidic systems. , 2002, Lab on a chip.

[80]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Measurements of chemical warfare agent degradation products using an electrophoresis microchip with contactless conductivity detector. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[81]  Koji Otsuka,et al.  One-step immobilization of cationic polymer onto a poly(methyl methacrylate) microchip for high-performance electrophoretic analysis of proteins , 2006 .

[82]  S. Soper,et al.  Microcapillary electrophoresis devices fabricated using polymeric substrates and X‐ray lithography , 1998 .

[83]  Ford,et al.  Polymeric microelectromechanical systems , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[84]  Baohong Liu,et al.  Stable microstructured network for protein patterning on a plastic microfluidic channel: strategy and characterization of on-chip enzyme microreactors. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[85]  Xuefei Sun,et al.  Surface-reactive acrylic copolymer for fabrication of microfluidic devices. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[86]  Yi Li,et al.  Phase-changing sacrificial materials for interfacing microfluidics with ion-permeable membranes to create on-chip preconcentrators and electric field gradient focusing microchips. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[87]  C Gärtner,et al.  Polymer microfabrication methods for microfluidic analytical applications , 2000, Electrophoresis.

[88]  Abdirahman Ali Yussuf,et al.  Microwave welding of polymeric-microfluidic devices , 2005 .

[89]  Analysis of amino acids and proteins using a poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic system , 2005, Electrophoresis.

[90]  Y. Baba,et al.  Screening of mixed poly(ethylene oxide) solutions for microchip separation of double‐stranded DNA using an orthogonal design approach , 2005, Electrophoresis.

[91]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  A sol-gel-modified poly(methyl methacrylate) electrophoresis microchip with a hydrophilic channel wall. , 2007, Chemistry.

[92]  Di Chen,et al.  Low temperature bonding of poly(methylmethacrylate) electrophoresis microchips by in situ polymerisation. , 2005, Journal of chromatography. A.

[93]  V. Piotter,et al.  Injection molding and related techniques for fabrication of microstructures , 1997 .

[94]  Steven A. Soper,et al.  Surface modification of polymer-based microfluidic devices , 2002 .

[95]  Frances S Ligler,et al.  Fabrication of a capillary immunosensor in polymethyl methacrylate. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[96]  M Dufva,et al.  One-step immobilization of aminated and thiolated DNA onto poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) substrates. , 2004, Lab on a chip.

[97]  W. Tseng,et al.  DNA analysis on microfabricated electrophoretic devices with bubble cells , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[98]  R. McCormick,et al.  Microchannel electrophoretic separations of DNA in injection-molded plastic substrates. , 1997, Analytical chemistry.

[99]  Cheng-Wey Wei,et al.  Direct-write laser micromachining and universal surface modification of PMMA for device development , 2004 .

[100]  Gang Chen,et al.  Electrophoretic microchip with dual‐opposite injection for simultaneous measurements of anions and cations , 2003, Electrophoresis.

[101]  Gang Chen,et al.  Capillary electrophoresis microchip with a carbon nanotube-modified electrochemical detector. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[102]  Qifeng Xue,et al.  Multiplexed enzyme assays in capillary electrophoretic single‐use microfluidic devices , 2001, Electrophoresis.

[103]  Che-Hsin Lin,et al.  Low azeotropic solvent for bonding of PMMA microfluidic devices , 2007 .

[104]  Y. Baba,et al.  Ultrafast analysis of oligosaccharides on microchip with light‐emitting diode confocal fluorescence detection , 2003, Electrophoresis.

[105]  N. Kaji,et al.  Dynamic coating using methylcellulose and polysorbate 20 for nondenaturing electrophoresis of proteins on plastic microchips , 2007, Electrophoresis.

[106]  Zhifang Fan,et al.  Miniaturized capillary isoelectric focusing in plastic microfluidic devices , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[107]  Jan Petr,et al.  Electrokinetic partial filling technique as a powerful tool for enantiomeric separation of DL‐lactic acid by CE with contactless conductivity detection , 2007, Electrophoresis.

[108]  A. Barron,et al.  Tandem isotachophoresis-zone electrophoresis via base-mediated destacking for increased detection sensitivity in microfluidic systems. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[109]  Bingcheng Lin,et al.  Analysis of multiplex PCR fragments with PMMA microchip , 2006, Talanta.

[110]  Haojie Lu,et al.  Zeolite nanoparticle modified microchip reactor for efficient protein digestion. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[111]  Daniel T Chiu,et al.  Fabrication of thermoset polyester microfluidic devices and embossing masters using rapid prototyped polydimethylsiloxane molds. , 2003, Lab on a chip.

[112]  Yang-Wei Lin,et al.  Modification of poly(methyl methacrylate) microchannels for highly efficient and reproducible electrophoretic separations of double-stranded DNA. , 2005, Journal of chromatography. A.

[113]  Peter C Hauser,et al.  Contactless conductivity detection of selected organic ions in on‐chip electrophoresis , 2004, Electrophoresis.

[114]  Wilfred Chen,et al.  Microchip enzymatic assay of organophosphate nerve agents , 2004 .

[115]  Qifeng Xue,et al.  Sample pre-concentration by isotachophoresis in microfluidic devices. , 2002, Journal of chromatography. A.

[116]  Youn Tae Kim,et al.  Bulk-micromachined submicroliter-volume PCR chip with very rapid thermal response and low power consumption. , 2004, Lab on a chip.