A hybrid KMV model, random forests and rough set theory approach for credit rating

In current credit ratings models, various accounting-based information are usually selected as prediction variables, based on historical information rather than the market's assessment for future. In the study, we propose credit rating prediction model using market-based information as a predictive variable. In the proposed method, Moody's KMV (KMV) is employed as a tool to evaluate the market-based information of each corporation. To verify the proposed method, using the hybrid model, which combine random forests (RF) and rough set theory (RST) to extract useful information for credit rating. The results show that market-based information does provide valuable information in credit rating predictions. Moreover, the proposed approach provides better classification results and generates meaningful rules for credit ratings.

[1]  You-Shyang Chen,et al.  Classifying credit ratings for Asian banks using integrating feature selection and the CPDA-based rough sets approach , 2012, Knowl. Based Syst..

[2]  Antanas Verikas,et al.  Mining data with random forests: A survey and results of new tests , 2011, Pattern Recognit..

[3]  Trevor Hastie,et al.  The Elements of Statistical Learning , 2001 .

[4]  Yu Cao,et al.  Early warning of enterprise decline in a life cycle using neural networks and rough set theory , 2011, Expert Syst. Appl..

[5]  Han Tong Loh,et al.  Applying rough sets to market timing decisions , 2004, Decis. Support Syst..

[6]  Leo Breiman,et al.  Random Forests , 2001, Machine Learning.

[7]  Ramón Díaz-Uriarte,et al.  Gene selection and classification of microarray data using random forest , 2006, BMC Bioinformatics.

[8]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  Business failure prediction using rough sets , 1999, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[9]  Yuhang Xing,et al.  Default Risk in Equity Returns , 2004 .

[10]  Z. Pawlak Rough Sets: Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Data , 1991 .

[11]  Jae Won Lee,et al.  An extensive comparison of recent classification tools applied to microarray data , 2004, Comput. Stat. Data Anal..

[12]  H. M. Abu-Donia,et al.  Multi knowledge based rough approximations and applications , 2012, Knowl. Based Syst..

[13]  R. R. West An Alternative Approach to Predicting Corporate Bond Ratings , 1970 .

[14]  Lijuan Cao,et al.  Bond rating using support vector machine , 2006, Intell. Data Anal..

[15]  R. Kaplan,et al.  Statistical Models of Bond Ratings: A Methodological Inquiry , 1979 .

[16]  R. C. Merton,et al.  On the Pricing of Corporate Debt: The Risk Structure of Interest Rates , 1974, World Scientific Reference on Contingent Claims Analysis in Corporate Finance.

[17]  Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng,et al.  Exploring the preference of customers between financial companies and agents based on TCA , 2012, Knowl. Based Syst..

[18]  G. E. Pinches,et al.  THE ROLE OF SUBORDINATION AND INDUSTRIAL BOND RATINGS , 1975 .

[19]  Qiang Shen,et al.  Rough set-aided keyword reduction for text categorization , 2001, Appl. Artif. Intell..

[20]  Zdzislaw Pawlak,et al.  Rough sets and intelligent data analysis , 2002, Inf. Sci..

[21]  Pu Gong,et al.  Research on internal credit ratings for listed companies , 2008, Kybernetes.

[22]  Chien-Chung Chan,et al.  A Rough Set Approach to Attribute Generalization in Data Mining , 1998, Inf. Sci..

[23]  F. Gagné,et al.  Application of rough sets analysis to identify polluted aquatic sites based on a battery of biomarkers: a comparison with classical methods. , 2003, Chemosphere.

[24]  J. Horrigan DETERMINATION OF LONG-TERM CREDIT STANDING WITH FINANCIAL RATIOS , 1966 .

[25]  Leo Breiman,et al.  Bagging Predictors , 1996, Machine Learning.

[26]  Cheng-Few Lee,et al.  On multiple-class prediction of issuer credit ratings , 2009 .

[27]  Donald P. Cram,et al.  Assessing the Probability of Bankruptcy , 2002 .

[28]  Andy Liaw,et al.  Classification and Regression by randomForest , 2007 .

[29]  Ingoo Han,et al.  A case-based approach using inductive indexing for corporate bond rating , 2001, Decis. Support Syst..

[30]  Kyoung-jae Kim,et al.  A corporate credit rating model using multi-class support vector machines with an ordinal pairwise partitioning approach , 2012, Comput. Oper. Res..

[31]  Sankar K. Pal,et al.  Multispectral image segmentation using the rough-set-initialized EM algorithm , 2002, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[32]  Peter E. Kennedy,et al.  Combining Bond Rating Forecasts Using Logit , 2001 .

[33]  F. Black,et al.  The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities , 1973, Journal of Political Economy.

[34]  Kyungsup Kim,et al.  The cluster-indexing method for case-based reasoning using self-organizing maps and learning vector quantization for bond rating cases , 2001, Expert Syst. Appl..

[35]  Lixiang Shen,et al.  Fault diagnosis based on Rough Set Theory , 2003 .

[36]  Da Ruan,et al.  A vague-rough set approach for uncertain knowledge acquisition , 2011, Knowl. Based Syst..

[37]  Yuan Li,et al.  Approaches to attribute reductions based on rough set and matrix computation in inconsistent ordered information systems , 2012, Knowl. Based Syst..

[38]  Petr Hájek,et al.  Municipal credit rating modelling by neural networks , 2011, Decis. Support Syst..

[39]  Lei Liu,et al.  Construction of concept granule based on rough set and representation of knowledge-based complex system , 2011, Knowl. Based Syst..

[40]  Richard T. Redmond,et al.  Expert systems for bond rating: a comparative analysis of statistical, rule‐based and neural network systems , 1993 .

[41]  Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng,et al.  Combined rough set theory and flow network graph to predict customer churn in credit card accounts , 2011, Expert Syst. Appl..

[42]  T. Pogue,et al.  What's in a Bond Rating , 1969, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis.

[43]  Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse,et al.  LERS-A System for Learning from Examples Based on Rough Sets , 1992, Intelligent Decision Support.

[44]  Qiang Shen,et al.  Centre for Intelligent Systems and Their Applications Fuzzy Rough Attribute Reduction with Application to Web Categorization Fuzzy Rough Attribute Reduction with Application to Web Categorization Fuzzy Sets and Systems ( ) – Fuzzy–rough Attribute Reduction with Application to Web Categorization , 2022 .

[45]  Anna Formica,et al.  Semantic Web search based on rough sets and Fuzzy Formal Concept Analysis , 2012, Knowl. Based Syst..

[46]  Zdzisław Pawlak,et al.  Rough sets applied to the discovery of materials knowledge , 1998 .

[47]  Sankar K. Pal,et al.  Evolutionary Modular MLP with Rough Sets and ID3 Algorithm for Staging of Cervical Cancer , 2001, Neural Computing & Applications.

[48]  Jean-Michel Poggi,et al.  Variable selection using random forests , 2010, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[49]  Soumitra Dutta,et al.  Bond rating: A non-conservative application of neural networks , 1988 .

[50]  Soushan Wu,et al.  Credit rating analysis with support vector machines and neural networks: a market comparative study , 2004, Decis. Support Syst..

[51]  Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse,et al.  A New Version of the Rule Induction System LERS , 1997, Fundam. Informaticae.

[52]  C. Mar Molinero,et al.  A multivariate study of spanish bond ratings , 1996 .

[53]  Zhi Xiao,et al.  The prediction for listed companies' financial distress by using multiple prediction methods with rough set and Dempster-Shafer evidence theory , 2012, Knowl. Based Syst..