Governing Climate Change Post-2012: The Role of Global Cities Case-Study: Los Angeles

In May 2007 Los Angeles adopted an Action Plan to Lead the Nation In Fighting Global Warming. The plan includes a CO2 emissions reduction target of 35 percent by 2030 of 1990 levels. The approach Los Angeles is taking is one of simultaneously addressing future energy and water security by investing in decentralised renewable energy and decreasing per-capita water use. Additional areas include waste management, greening of buildings and open space and addressing emissions from the transport sector. The emphasis has so far been on the supply, rather than the demand, side. While political leadership has been very important in pushing through this action plan, a mature local environmental community and membership in transnational city networks such as C40 have been instrumental in working out the details of this plan. The impact on LA’s actions on climate change will likely reach beyond city limits given the United States’ continued obstruction of international efforts to address climate change and given Los Angeles ability to act as a significant role model both domestically and internationally. This could be crucial at a time when the international community is faced with the need to translate scienitific recommendations into political action and forge a post-Kyoto deal.

[1]  Clare M. Goodess,et al.  The identification and evaluation of suitable scenario development methods for the estimation of future probabilities of extreme weather events , 2001 .

[2]  Emma L. Tompkins,et al.  Report to the Cayman Islands' Government. Adaptation lessons learned from responding to tropical cyclones by the Cayman Islands' Government, 1988 - 2002 , 2003 .

[3]  Stuart Barr,et al.  A blueprint for the integrated assessment of climate change in cities , 2009 .

[4]  Andreas Tjernshaugen,et al.  Future U.S. Climate Policy: International Re‐engagement? , 2005 .

[5]  Robert J. Nicholls,et al.  Understanding the regional impacts of climate change: research report prepared for the Stern review on the economics of climate change. , 2006 .

[6]  Esteve Corbera,et al.  A Multi-Criteria Assessment Framework for Carbon-Mitigation projects: Putting "development" in the centre of decision-making , 2002 .

[7]  N. Brooks Vulnerability, risk and adaptation: A conceptual framework , 2002 .

[8]  D. Gann,et al.  Learning to Adapt: Organisational Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts , 2006 .

[9]  Paul Dewick,et al.  Technological change, industry structure and the environment , 2004 .

[10]  Paolo Agnolucci,et al.  The role of political uncertainty in the Danish renewable energy market , 2005 .

[11]  Jonathan Köhler,et al.  Long Run Technical Change in an Energy-Environment-Economy (E3) Model for an IA System: A Model of Kondratiev Waves , 2003 .

[12]  E. Lisa,et al.  Climate Change Adaptation and Development: Exploring the Linkages , 2007 .

[13]  K. Harrison The Road not Taken: Climate Change Policy in Canada and the United States , 2007, Global Environmental Politics.

[14]  W. N. Adger,et al.  Building resilience to climate change through adaptive management of natural resources , 2002 .

[15]  Guangtao Fu,et al.  Beyond probability : new methods for representing uncertainty in projections of future climate , 2005 .

[16]  Robert J. Nicholls,et al.  Capturing coastal morphological change within regional integrated assessment: an outcome-driven fuzzy logic approach. Tyndall Centre Working Paper 113 , 2007 .

[17]  Carly McLachlan,et al.  The Public Perceptions of Carbon Capture and Storage: Tyndall , 2004 .

[18]  M. Hanemann California's New Greenhouse Gas Laws , 2008, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy.

[19]  K. Kirk Potential for storage of carbon dioxide in the rocks beneath the East Irish Sea , 2005 .

[20]  Ian G. Taylor,et al.  Burying Carbon under the Sea: An Initial Exploration of Public Opinions , 2002 .

[21]  M. Betsill,et al.  Looking Back and Thinking Ahead: A Decade of Cities and Climate Change Research , 2007 .

[22]  Saleemul Huq,et al.  Adaptation to climate Change: Setting the Agenda for Development Policy and Research , 2002 .

[23]  Jim W Hall,et al.  Integrated analysis of risks of coastal flooding and cliff erosion under scenarios of long term change , 2009, Climatic Change.

[24]  Nigel W. Arnell,et al.  Global impacts of abrupt climate change: an initial assessment , 2007 .

[25]  J. Watson,et al.  The development of large technical systems: implications for hydrogen , 2001 .

[26]  Richard J. T. Klein,et al.  Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: three research questions , 2005 .

[27]  Clair Gough,et al.  The Use of Integrated Assessment: An Institutional Analysis Perspective , 2001 .

[28]  Siân Crampsie,et al.  City of dreams - [power masdar city] , 2008 .

[29]  Dominique Laurence,et al.  Tyndall Working Papers: Sandbanks for coastal protection: implications of sea level rise , 2006 .

[30]  Emily Boyd,et al.  The Clean Development Mechanism: An assessment of current practice and future approaches for policy , 2007 .

[31]  Paul Ekins,et al.  Hysteresis and Energy Demand: the Announcement Effects and the Effects of the UK Climate Change Levy , 2004 .

[32]  H. Osbahr,et al.  Assessment of key negotiating issues at Nairobi climate COP / MOP and what it means for the future of the climate regime , 2007 .

[33]  Lorraine Whitmarsh,et al.  Transition to sustainable development in the UK housing sector: From case study to model implementation , 2008 .

[34]  S. Sorrell The economics of energy service contracts , 2007 .

[35]  Paolo Agnolucci,et al.  Ex-post evaluations of CO2-Based Taxes: A Survey , 2004 .

[36]  K. Brown,et al.  Ten years to prevent catastrophe?: Discourses of climate change and international development in the UK press , 2009 .

[37]  R. Starkey,et al.  Allocating emissions rights: are equal shares, fair shares? , 2008 .

[38]  P Ekins,et al.  The Costs of Kyoto for the US Economy , 2004 .

[39]  Esteve Corbera,et al.  How do regulated and voluntary carbon-offset schemes compare? , 2009 .

[40]  L. Schipper,et al.  Climate risk, perceptions and development in El Salvador , 2006 .

[41]  W. Neil Adger,et al.  Climate Dangers and Atoll Countries , 2003 .

[42]  Timothy M. Lenton,et al.  An efficient numerical terrestrial scheme (ENTS) for Earth system modelling , 2006 .

[43]  J. Hertin,et al.  Socio-economic futures in climate change impact assessment: using scenarios as ‘learning machines’ , 2002 .

[44]  Jon Barnett,et al.  Security and climate change , 2003 .

[45]  Shimon Awerbuch,et al.  Restructuring our electricity networks to promote decarbonisation , 2004 .

[46]  Robert J. Nicholls,et al.  Global and regional exposure to large rises in sea-level: a sensitivity analysis , 2006 .

[47]  W. Adger,et al.  Defining response capacity to enhance climate change policy , 2005 .

[48]  Anne Hammill,et al.  Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming of adaptation to climate change into development assistance , 2007 .

[49]  N. Brooks Drought in the African Sahel: long-term perspectives and future prospects , 2004 .

[50]  T. D. Mitchell,et al.  A comprehensive set of high-resolution grids of monthly climate for Europe and the globe: the observed record (1901-2000) and 16 scenarios (2001-2100). , 2004 .

[51]  Emily Boyd,et al.  Adapting small-scale CDM sinks projects to lowincome communities , 2005 .

[52]  S. Hanson,et al.  Capturing Coastal Geomorphological Change within Regional Integrated Assessment: An Outcome-Driven Fuzzy Logic Approach , 2010 .

[53]  Gil Mahé,et al.  Rainfall and water resources variability in sub-Saharan Africa during the 20th century , 2008 .

[54]  John Turnpenny,et al.  Reviewing organisational use of scenarios: case study - evaluating UK energy policy options , 2001 .

[55]  Suraje Dessai,et al.  Does climate policy need probabilities , 2003 .

[56]  Chris Hope,et al.  Spotlighting impacts functions in integrated assessment. Research report preapred for the Stern Review on the economics of climate change , 2006 .

[57]  Suraje Dessai,et al.  Does tomorrow ever come? Disaster narrative and public perceptions of climate change , 2006 .

[58]  S. Opitz-Stapleton,et al.  Building Resilience to Climate Change in Asian Cities , 2011 .

[59]  Mike Hulme,et al.  A country-by-country analysis of past and future warming rates , 2001 .

[60]  Jonathan Köhler,et al.  Avoiding dangerous climate change by inducing technological progress: Scenarios using a large-scale econometric model , 2006 .

[61]  Koen Steemers,et al.  Can microgrids make a major contribution to UK energy supply , 2006 .

[62]  W. Nordhaus The "Stern Review" on the Economics of Climate Change , 2006 .

[63]  S. Abu-Sharkha,et al.  Can microgrids make a major contribution to UK energy supply ? , 2005 .

[64]  Jon Barnett,et al.  The issue of ‘ Adverse Effects and the Impacts of Response Measures ’ in the UNFCCC , 2001 .

[65]  N. Adger,et al.  Country level risk measures of climate-related natural disasters and implications for adaptation to climate change , 2003 .

[66]  M. Hulme Integrated Assessment Models Notes from the joint Tyndall Centre - PIK - ICIS meeting on Integrated Assessment Models Potsdam, 7 March 2001 , 2001 .

[67]  J. Depledge Against the grain: the United States and the global climate change regime , 2005 .

[68]  Roger Few,et al.  Floods, health and climate change: a strategic review , 2004 .

[69]  Mike Hulme,et al.  Abrupt climate change: can society cope? , 2003, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[70]  Tao Wang Carbon Emissions Scenarios for China to 2100 , 2008 .

[71]  W. Adger,et al.  Defining and Experiencing Dangerous Climate Change , 2004 .