Effect of UV-B radiation on some common antibiotics.

Some of the commonly used antibiotics such as cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephradine, nystatin and nafcillin were tested for generation of singlet oxygen (1O(2)) under UV-B (290-320 nm) exposure and the order for 1O(2) generation was obtained: cephaloridine>cephalexin>nystatin>cephradine>nafcillin. In vitro study with deoxyguanosine (dGuo) showed that 1O(2) was responsible for drug-sensitized photodegradation of the guanine base of DNA and RNA. Sodium azide (NaN(3)) and 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO) accorded significant inhibition (76-98%) in the production of (1)O(2) and photo-oxidation of dGuo. The combined effect of drug and UV-B irradiation is of paramount importance in view of cell-damaging reactions by 1O(2). Our findings are important because of increasing UV-B radiation on the earth's surface due to depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. The selected drugs are used routinely for the treatment of various diseases and their combined action may cause undesirable phototoxic responses. Our study suggests that exposure to sunlight should be avoided after the intake of the photosensitive drugs.

[1]  A. P. Autor.  Pathology of oxygen , 1982 .

[2]  D. Moore.  Photosensitization by drugs. , 1977, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[3]  G. Zalar,et al.  Induction of drug photosensitization in man after parenteral exposure to hematoporphyrin. , 1977, Archives of dermatology.

[4]  P. C. Joshi,et al.  Comparison of the DNA-damaging property of photosensitised riboflavin via singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radical O2-. mechanisms. , 1985, Toxicology letters.

[5]  T. Maurer.  Phototoxicity testing--in vivo and in vitro. , 1987, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[6]  S. Waksman.  MICROBIAL ANTAGONISMS AND ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCES , 1945 .

[7]  J. Marx.  Do tumor promoters affect DNA after all? , 1983, Science.

[8]  A. Sarasin,et al.  SINGLET MOLECULAR OXYGEN INDUCED MUTAGENICITY IN A MAMMALIAN SV40‐BASED SHUTTLE VECTOR , 1990, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[9]  R. Sik,et al.  THE PHOTOTOXIC EFFECT OF BENOXAPROFEN AND ITS ANALOGS ON HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES AND RAT PERITONEAL MAST CELLS , 1983, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[10]  V. Hemmens,et al.  PHOTOSENSITIZATION BY DRUGS: NALIDIXIC AND OXOLINIC ACIDS , 1984, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[11]  I. Kraljić,et al.  A NEW METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF SINGLET OXYGEN IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS , 1978 .

[12]  I. Rosenthal,et al.  Reactivity of purine and pyrimidine bases toward singlet oxygen. , 1971, Biophysical journal.

[13]  J. Marx.  Oxygen free radicals linked to many diseases. , 1987, Science.

[14]  F. Vargas,et al.  Photodegradation and phototoxicity studies of furosemide. Involvement of singlet oxygen in the photoinduced hemolysis and lipid peroxidation. , 1998, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[15]  T. Yamane,et al.  Cholesterol Hydroperoxide Formation in Red Cell Membranes and Photohemolysis in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria , 1973, Science.

[16]  R. B. Misra,et al.  An unusual photohaemolytic property of riboflavin. , 2001, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[17]  E. Hickey,et al.  Diclofenac induced in vivo nephrotoxicity may involve oxidative stress-mediated massive genomic DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. , 2001, Free radical biology & medicine.

[18]  A E Profio,et al.  SKIN PHOTOSENSITIVITY: DURATION and INTENSITY FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATES, HpD and DHE , 1987, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[19]  M. Pathak,et al.  Studies on the nature of in vitro and in vivo photosensitization reactions by psoralens and porphyrins. , 1988, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[20]  R. B. Misra,et al.  Photosensitizing potential of benzanthrone. , 1990, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[21]  M. Peak,et al.  SINGLET OXYGEN INDUCES FRANK STRAND BREAKS AS WELL AS ALKALI‐ AND PIPERIDINE‐LABILE SITES IN SUPERCOILED PLASMID DNA , 1989, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[22]  S. Mashiko,et al.  Participation of reactive oxygen species in phototoxicity induced by quinolone antibacterial agents. , 1997, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[23]  K. Hashimoto,et al.  Amyloidogenesis in organ-limited cutaneous amyloidosis: an antigenic identity between epidermal keratin and skin amyloid. , 1983, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[24]  P. C. Joshi,et al.  The role of active oxygen (1O2 and O(2)) induced by crude coal tar and its ingredients used in photochemotherapy of skin diseases. , 1984, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[25]  Christopher S. Foote,et al.  Chemistry of singlet oxygen. XV. Irrelevance of azide trapping to mechanism of the ene reaction , 1972 .

[26]  T. Richardson,et al.  Photodegradation of DNA with fluorescent light in the presence of riboflavin, and photoprotection by flavin triplet-state quenchers. , 1980, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[27]  T. Wilson,et al.  Quenching of singlet oxygen by tertiary aliphatic amines. Effect of DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) , 1968 .