Energy-Efficient Prophet-PRoWait-EDR Protocols for Opportunistic Networks

Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) are a kind of challenged ad hoc networks where frequent topology changes, intermittent connectivity, and no guarantee of end-to-end path prevail. In this context, designing energy-efficient routing protocols for OppNets is quite challenging since most of the node's energy is consumed during node discovery and message transmission. This paper proposes the energy-efficient versions of three existing routing protocols for OppNets, namely, the probability routing protocol using history of encounters and transitivity (Prophet), the Probability-based controlled flooding in opportunistic networks (PRoWait), and the Encounter and Distance based Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks (EDR), where the selection of the next best forwarder for a message relies on the energy (or battery power) of the nodes. These energy-aware protocols are referred to as E-Prophet, E-PRoWait and E-EDR schemes. Simulations results show that E-Prophet, E-PRoWait and E-EDR yield a better energy consumption compared to Prophet, ProWait and EDR.

[1]  Anders Lindgren,et al.  Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks , 2003, MOCO.

[2]  Isaac Woungang,et al.  EDR: An Encounter and Distance Based Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks , 2016, 2016 IEEE 30th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA).

[3]  Mohammad S. Obaidat,et al.  EEAODR: An energy-efficient ad hoc on-demand routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks , 2009, Int. J. Commun. Syst..

[4]  David B. Smith,et al.  Considering Multi-Contact Encounters in Opportunistic Networks , 2015, CHANTS@MobiCom.

[5]  Daru Pan,et al.  A comprehensive-integrated buffer management strategy for opportunistic networks , 2013, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[6]  Hongke Zhang,et al.  Energy-aware Spray and Wait routing in mobile opportunistic sensor networks , 2010, 2010 3rd IEEE International Conference on Broadband Network and Multimedia Technology (IC-BNMT).

[7]  Feng Xia,et al.  Human mobility in opportunistic networks: Characteristics, models and prediction methods , 2014, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[8]  Cauligi S. Raghavendra,et al.  Spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks , 2005, WDTN '05.

[9]  Anders Lindgren,et al.  Probabilistic Routing in Intermittently Connected Networks , 2004, SAPIR.

[10]  Zhi Ren,et al.  An Energy-Saving Routing Algorithm for Opportunistic Networks Based on Asynchronous Sleep Approach , 2013 .

[11]  Ciprian Dobre,et al.  Energy-Aware Social-Based Routing in Opportunistic Networks , 2013, 2013 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops.

[12]  Viren G. Patel,et al.  Vibrant Energy Aware Spray and Wait Routing in Delay Tolerant Network , 2013 .

[13]  Mohammad S. Obaidat,et al.  Probability-based controlled flooding in opportunistic networks , 2015, 2015 12th International Joint Conference on e-Business and Telecommunications (ICETE).

[14]  Leszek Lilien,et al.  The Concept of Opportunistic Networks and their Research Challenges in Privacy and Security , 2007 .

[15]  Isaac Woungang.  Credit-Based Cooperation Enforcement Schemes Tailored to Opportunistic Networks , 2011 .

[16]  Jörg Ott,et al.  The ONE simulator for DTN protocol evaluation , 2009, SIMUTools 2009.

[17]  Isaac Woungang,et al.  GAER: genetic algorithm-based energy-efficient routing protocol for infrastructure-less opportunistic networks , 2014, The Journal of Supercomputing.

[18]  Pan Hui,et al.  An Energy-Efficient n-Epidemic Routing Protocol for Delay Tolerant Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Networking, Architecture, and Storage.