Usability Assessment of a Powered Wheelchair Controller: How Impairments Affect Human Computer Interaction Based Tasks

Problem: Designing the user experience is a growing trend in product design; however this trend has not greatly benefited people with impairments and disabilities. There are no practical tools to broadly assist with this issue. There is a need for standardized measures to quantify impairment, a model to predict how designs may perform and a need for data regarding how people with impairments interact with consumer technology. Purpose: To conduct a usability analysis with an industry partner on their powered wheelchair controller using participants with varying impairments. The industry partner was seeking better insight into the benefits of formal user testing. Method: Forty consenting adults were given a score representing their level of impairment using six measures from the International Classification of Functioning (ICF). These measures were identified by the researcher to affect interaction with a device. Performance was measured by time taken to complete tasks, errors made, reported task difficulty and reported controller usability. Results: Performance was reduced in participants with a higher ICF score and age. An ICF score less than or equal to 2 was 117 times more likely to not complete the tasks, greater than or equal to 3 was not able to complete the experiment. Age >50 years took an average 79 seconds longer than <35 years to complete a task and reported greater difficulty, more errors and a lower usability for the controller. Implications: Low to moderate levels of impairment has a significantly negative effect on the usability of common devices. Difficulties were mostly cognitive with participants unable to create an accurate mental model of the system. Participants with lower performance tended to be overly optimistic about their abilities. Mistakes were the greatest source of error followed by lapses and almost no reported or observed slip errors. Original Contribution: The ICF has never been used as a metric for usability testing. This study successfully applied the ICF alongside other measures to prove its validity. Based on the results and current literature the Task Process Model was created to provide a simple and practical way to describe the interaction of people completing a task of basic to moderate complexity. Author Contact: rory.m.horne@gmail.com

[1]  Barry Kirwan,et al.  A Guide To Task Analysis: The Task Analysis Working Group , 1992 .

[2]  G. A. Miller.  THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW THE MAGICAL NUMBER SEVEN, PLUS OR MINUS TWO: SOME LIMITS ON OUR CAPACITY FOR PROCESSING INFORMATION 1 , 1956 .

[3]  John Sweller,et al.  Cognitive Load Theory: Instructional Implications of the Interaction between Information Structures and Cognitive Architecture , 2004 .

[4]  Tim Comber,et al.  Evaluating usability of screen designs with layout complexity , 1995 .

[5]  Les Freed,et al.  History of Computers , 1995 .

[6]  P. Tsang,et al.  Diagnosticity and multidimensional subjective workload ratings. , 1996, Ergonomics.

[7]  D. Paulhus.  Measurement and control of response bias. , 1991 .

[8]  Ted Boren,et al.  Thinking aloud: reconciling theory and practice , 2000 .

[9]  F A Mussa-Ivaldi,et al.  Adaptive representation of dynamics during learning of a motor task , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[10]  A. Cattell.  Grown Up Digital – How the Net Generation Is Changing Your World , 2009 .

[11]  P. Fitts,et al.  INFORMATION CAPACITY OF DISCRETE MOTOR RESPONSES. , 1964, Journal of experimental psychology.

[12]  Thomas D. Cook,et al.  Subject effects in laboratory research: An examination of subject roles, demand characteristics, and valid inference. , 1972 .

[13]  E. A. Attree,et al.  An exploratory investigation into the usability and usefulness of training people with learning disabilities in a virtual environment , 2002, Disability and rehabilitation.

[14]  J C Rothwell,et al.  Manual motor performance in a deafferented man. , 1982, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[15]  Employer's Expectations Regarding Performance Of Cm Graduates , 2008 .

[16]  Mick McGee.  Master usability scaling: magnitude estimation and master scaling applied to usability measurement , 2004, CHI '04.

[17]  H. J. Arnold,et al.  Social desirability response bias in self-report choice situations. , 1981 .

[18]  Michael Oliver,et al.  Social Work with Disabled People , 1983 .

[19]  J. B. Brooke,et al.  SUS: a retrospective , 2013 .

[20]  Eric D. Heggestad,et al.  Intelligence, personality, and interests: evidence for overlapping traits. , 1997, Psychological bulletin.

[21]  S. Hart,et al.  Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research , 1988 .

[22]  Tim Comber,et al.  Layout Complexity: Does It Measure Usability? , 1997, INTERACT.

[23]  Larry D. Rosen,et al.  Multitasking across generations: Multitasking choices and difficulty ratings in three generations of Americans , 2009, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[24]  Gregor E. Kennedy,et al.  Measurement and evidence of computer-based task switching and multitasking by 'Net Generation' students , 2011, Comput. Educ..

[25]  Jeffrey K Aronson,et al.  Clarification of terminology in medication errors: definitions and classification. , 2006, Drug safety.

[26]  S. Paunonen,et al.  Big Five personality predictors of post-secondary academic performance , 2007 .

[27]  Robert J. Sternberg,et al.  Personality and intelligence , 1994 .

[28]  M. Corbetta,et al.  Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain , 2002, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[29]  Benjamin Kuipers,et al.  A Description of Think Aloud Method and Protocol Analysis , 1993 .

[30]  A. Baddeley.  The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? , 2000, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[31]  Tim De Feyter,et al.  Unraveling the impact of the Big Five personality traits on academic performance: the moderating and mediating effects of self-efficacy and academic motivation , 2012 .

[32]  Jens Rasmussen,et al.  Skills, rules, and knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[33]  K. Doya,et al.  A unifying computational framework for motor control and social interaction. , 2003, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[34]  Lorella Terzi.  The Social Model of Disability: A Philosophical Critique , 2004 .

[35]  T. Salthouse,et al.  Executive functioning as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults. , 2003, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[36]  Marina Fridin,et al.  Embodied Robot versus Virtual Agent: Involvement of Preschool Children in Motor Task Performance , 2014, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[37]  Neville A. Stanton,et al.  Error by design: methods for predicting device usability , 2002 .

[38]  R. Rescorla,et al.  A theory of Pavlovian conditioning : Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement , 1972 .

[39]  M. Lauriola,et al.  Personality and College Major Choice: Which Come First? , 2012 .

[40]  M. Nussbaum.  Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership , 2006 .

[41]  B Kirwan,et al.  Human error identification in human reliability assessment. Part 1: Overview of approaches. , 1992, Applied ergonomics.

[42]  Steven W. Keele,et al.  Movement control in skilled motor performance. , 1968 .

[43]  Thomas S. Tullis,et al.  A Comparison of Methods for Eliciting Post-Task Subjective Ratings in Usability Testing , 2006 .

[44]  Jesper Juul,et al.  A Casual Revolution: Reinventing Video Games and Their Players , 2009 .

[45]  Donald A. Norman,et al.  Design rules based on analyses of human error , 1983, CACM.

[46]  A. Bastian.  Learning to predict the future: the cerebellum adapts feedforward movement control , 2006, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[47]  J. S. Scott Kelso,et al.  Planning and Efferent Components in the Coding of Movement , 2013 .

[48]  N. Volkow,et al.  Association between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor impairment in healthy individuals. , 1998, The American journal of psychiatry.

[49]  J R Lewis,et al.  Sample Sizes for Usability Studies: Additional Considerations , 1994, Human factors.

[50]  Richard D. Roberts,et al.  Hick's law, competing-task performance, and intelligence , 1988 .

[51]  J. Krakauer,et al.  An Implicit Plan Overrides an Explicit Strategy during Visuomotor Adaptation , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[52]  Chris Brand,et al.  Open to experience—closed to intelligence: Why the ‘Big Five’ are really the ‘Comprehensive Six’ , 1994 .

[53]  David E. Meyer,et al.  Attention and performance XIV (silver jubilee volume): synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience , 1993 .

[54]  Daniel M. Wolpert,et al.  Forward Models for Physiological Motor Control , 1996, Neural Networks.

[55]  R. Shadmehr,et al.  Intact ability to learn internal models of arm dynamics in Huntington's disease but not cerebellar degeneration. , 2005, Journal of neurophysiology.

[56]  R. Cattell,et al.  Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence. , 1967, Acta psychologica.

[57]  Adrian Furnham,et al.  Why is Conscientiousness negatively correlated with intelligence , 2004 .

[58]  Daniel G Bobrow,et al.  On data-limited and resource-limited processes , 1975, Cognitive Psychology.

[59]  Michio Sugeno,et al.  A fuzzy-logic-based approach to qualitative modeling , 1993, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst..

[60]  J. Gordon,et al.  Impairments of reaching movements in patients without proprioception. I. Spatial errors. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[61]  Mitsuo Kawato,et al.  Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning , 1999, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[62]  Brian Dickson.  Engineering Management Skills: The Missing Link For Technical Graduates , 2008 .

[63]  A. Furnham,et al.  Can personality factors predict intelligence , 2005 .

[64]  T. B. Üstün,et al.  Models of disablement, universalism and the international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. , 1999, Social science & medicine.

[65]  Guy H. Walker,et al.  Human Factors Methods: A Practical Guide for Engineering and Design , 2012 .

[66]  P. Chandler,et al.  Cognitive Load Theory and the Format of Instruction , 1991 .

[67]  M. Lange,et al.  To err is human: How regulatory focus and action orientation predict performance following errors , 2009 .

[68]  Darryl W. Schneider,et al.  A memory-based model of Hick’s law , 2011, Cognitive Psychology.

[69]  Donald A. Norman,et al.  Design principles for human-computer interfaces , 1983, CHI '83.

[70]  R. Shiffrin,et al.  A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. , 1984, Psychological review.

[71]  B. J. Casey,et al.  Imaging the developing brain: what have we learned about cognitive development? , 2005, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[72]  R. Shiffrin,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: I , 1977 .

[73]  James R. Lewis,et al.  Psychometric evaluation of an after-scenario questionnaire for computer usability studies: the ASQ , 1991, SGCH.

[74]  M. Bar.  The proactive brain: using analogies and associations to generate predictions , 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[75]  Monique W. M. Jaspers,et al.  The think aloud method: a guide to user interface design , 2004, Int. J. Medical Informatics.

[76]  James L. McClelland,et al.  Hick's law in a stochastic race model with speed-accuracy tradeoffs , 2002 .

[77]  Erik Hollnagel,et al.  Cognitive reliability and error analysis method : CREAM , 1998 .

[78]  R S Nickerson,et al.  Man-computer interaction: a challenge for human factors research. , 1969, Ergonomics.

[79]  Hick's law, IQ, and singularity or specificity of mind: A psychometric analysis , 1993 .

[80]  J. Reason.  Human error: models and management , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[81]  Andy C. Downton.  Engineering the human-computer interface , 1992 .

[82]  H. Rentsch,et al.  The implementation of the 'International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health' (ICF) in daily practice of neurorehabilitation: an interdisciplinary project at the Kantonsspital of Lucerne, Switzerland , 2003, Disability and rehabilitation.

[83]  Gary Klein,et al.  Working Minds: A Practitioner's Guide to Cognitive Task Analysis , 2006 .

[84]  K. Reinikainen,et al.  Do event-related potentials reveal the mechanism of the auditory sensory memory in the human brain? , 1989, Neuroscience Letters.

[85]  B Kirwan,et al.  Human error identification techniques for risk assessment of high risk systems--Part 1: Review and evaluation of techniques. , 1998, Applied ergonomics.

[86]  P. Costa,et al.  Personality in adulthood , 1990 .

[87]  Tim Comber,et al.  Investigating Layout Complexity , 1996, CADUI.

[88]  Mary Corbett,et al.  SUMI: the Software Usability Measurement Inventory , 1993, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[89]  H. Spencer.  The Principles of Psychology - Vol. I , 2016 .

[90]  Pia Rosander,et al.  Personality traits and general intelligence as predictors of academic performance: A structural equation modelling approach , 2011 .

[91]  Kenneth Ward Church,et al.  Word Association Norms, Mutual Information, and Lexicography , 1989, ACL.

[92]  Henrik Walter,et al.  Cognitive modulation of emotion anticipation , 2006, The European journal of neuroscience.

[93]  W. T. Powers.  Behavior, the control of perception , 1973 .

[94]  A. Maslow.  Motivation and personality, 3rd ed. , 1987 .

[95]  R. Sperry.  Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion. , 1950, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[96]  B Kirwan,et al.  Human error identification techniques for risk assessment of high risk systems--part 2: towards a framework approach. , 1998, Applied ergonomics.

[97]  David Chek Ling Ngo,et al.  Formalising guidelines for the design of screen layouts , 2000 .

[98]  H. G. Schmidt,et al.  Personality characteristics of engineers , 2007 .

[99]  N. Watson,et al.  The social model of disability: An outdated ideology? , 2001 .

[100]  Joseph S. Dumas,et al.  Comparison of three one-question, post-task usability questionnaires , 2009, CHI.

[101]  John Sweller,et al.  Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning , 1988, Cogn. Sci..

[102]  R Shadmehr,et al.  Electromyographic Correlates of Learning an Internal Model of Reaching Movements , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[103]  Peter Gregor,et al.  Evaluating web resources for disability access , 2000, Assets '00.

[104]  Stefano Federici,et al.  On the dimensionality of the System Usability Scale: a test of alternative measurement models , 2009, Cognitive Processing.

[105]  G. Karmos,et al.  Adaptive modeling of the unattended acoustic environment reflected in the mismatch negativity event-related potential , 1996, Brain Research.

[106]  M. D’Esposito.  Working memory. , 2008, Handbook of clinical neurology.

[107]  Robert R. Hoffman,et al.  The Forgotten History of Cognitive Task Analysis , 2008 .

[108]  Sandra G. Hart,et al.  Nasa-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX); 20 Years Later , 2006 .

[109]  Johan Engström,et al.  Effects of visual and cognitive load in real and simulated motorway driving , 2005 .

[110]  Bruce Bridgeman,et al.  Perception & control of self-motion , 1991 .

[111]  Peter Gregor,et al.  Design for older and disabled people – where do we go from here? , 2002, Universal Access in the Information Society.

[112]  James R. Lewis,et al.  IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: Psychometric evaluation and instructions for use , 1995, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[113]  Frank E. Ritter,et al.  Foundations for Designing User-Centered Systems: What System Designers Need to Know about People , 2014 .

[114]  L. Kyriakides,et al.  The missing link in the relations between intelligence and personality , 2003 .

[115]  John Maltby.  Operational Complexity of Direct Manipulation Tasks in a Windows Environment , 1995, Australas. J. Inf. Syst..

[116]  Susanne Bødker,et al.  When second wave HCI meets third wave challenges , 2006, NordiCHI '06.

[117]  Tim Comber,et al.  An analysis of entropy, redundancy and complexity in graphical user interfaces , 2010 .

[118]  J. B. Brooke,et al.  SUS: A 'Quick and Dirty' Usability Scale , 1996 .

[119]  Robin Kay,et al.  A Practical Research Tool for Assessing Ability to Use Computers: The Computer Ability Survey (CAS). , 1993 .

[120]  R. Fisher,et al.  Social-Desirability Bias and the Validity of Self-Reported Values , 2000 .

[121]  Lawrence T Lam,et al.  Distractions and the risk of car crash injury: the effect of drivers' age. , 2002, Journal of safety research.

[122]  Simon Brisenden,et al.  Independent Living and the Medical Model of Disability , 1986 .

[123]  Margaret Morrison,et al.  Coming of age with the internet , 2006, New Media Soc..

[124]  Barry Kirwan,et al.  Development and application of a human error identification tool for air traffic control. , 2002, Applied ergonomics.

[125]  Sue Bennett,et al.  The 'digital natives' debate: A critical review of the evidence , 2008, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[126]  D. Leutner,et al.  Direct Measurement of Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning , 2003 .

[127]  Milad Alemzadeh,et al.  Human-Computer Interaction: Overview on State of the Art , 2008 .

[128]  Susana Rubio,et al.  Evaluation of Subjective Mental Workload: A Comparison of SWAT, NASA‐TLX, and Workload Profile Methods , 2004 .

[129]  Adrian Furnham,et al.  The relationship between personality traits, subjectively-assessed and fluid intelligence , 2005 .

[130]  Lc Wadhwa.  Management Practices Survey in Australian Companies , 1981 .

[131]  T. Shakespeare,et al.  Defending the Social Model , 1997 .

[132]  E. Reed.  The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception , 1989 .

[133]  B. Tuckman.  DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCE IN SMALL GROUPS. , 1965, Psychological bulletin.

[134]  Robert A. Virzi,et al.  Refining the Test Phase of Usability Evaluation: How Many Subjects Is Enough? , 1992 .

[135]  Lennard J. Davis,et al.  The Disability Studies Reader , 2013 .

[136]  M. Bar,et al.  Magnocellular Projections as the Trigger of Top-Down Facilitation in Recognition , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[137]  N. Cowan.  What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory? , 2008, Progress in brain research.

[138]  J Reason,et al.  The contribution of latent human failures to the breakdown of complex systems. , 1990, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[139]  Richard C. Atkinson,et al.  Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes , 1968, Psychology of Learning and Motivation.

[140]  J. Krakauer,et al.  Sensory prediction errors drive cerebellum-dependent adaptation of reaching. , 2007, Journal of neurophysiology.

[141]  Susan L. Kichuk,et al.  The big five personality factors and team performance: implications for selecting successful product design teams , 1997 .

[142]  C Ghez,et al.  Roles of proprioceptive input in the programming of arm trajectories. , 1990, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[143]  T. B. Üstün,et al.  The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: a new tool for understanding disability and health , 2003, Disability and rehabilitation.

[144]  C W Clegg,et al.  Towards a practical method of user interface evaluation. , 1989, Applied ergonomics.

[145]  A. Furnham,et al.  Personality and Intelligence: Gender, the Big Five, Self-Estimated and Psychometric Intelligence , 2005 .

[146]  Richard D. Roberts,et al.  The relationship between intelligence and choice reaction time within the framework of an extended model of Hick's law: A preliminary report , 1994 .

[147]  James R. Lewis.  Psychometric Evaluation of the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire: The PSSUQ , 1992 .

[148]  Kent L. Norman,et al.  Development of an instrument measuring user satisfaction of the human-computer interface , 1988, CHI '88.

[149]  Paul T. Jaeger.  LIFELONG INTERACTIONSPersons with disabilities and intergenerational universal usability , 2009, INTR.

[150]  H. V. D. Flier,et al.  Using multiple and specific criteria to assess the predictive validity of the Big Five personality factors on academic performance. , 2010 .

[151]  U. Neisser.  Cognitive Psychology. (Book Reviews: Cognition and Reality. Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology) , 1976 .

[152]  Rick Grush,et al.  The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception , 2004, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[153]  Neville A Stanton,et al.  Hierarchical task analysis: developments, applications, and extensions. , 2006, Applied ergonomics.

[154]  J. M. Digman.  PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: EMERGENCE OF THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL , 1990 .

[155]  A. Ward,et al.  Don't mind if I do: disinhibited eating under cognitive load. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[156]  Kenneth R Boff,et al.  Revolutions and shifting paradigms in human factors & ergonomics. , 2006, Applied ergonomics.

[157]  A. Furnham,et al.  What Facets of Openness and Conscientiousness Predict Fluid Intelligence Score , 2006 .

[158]  L Festinger,et al.  Information about spatial location based on knowledge about efference. , 1965, Psychological review.

[159]  C. Bard,et al.  The role of proprioceptive information for the production of isometric forces and for handwriting tasks. , 1993, Acta psychologica.

[160]  I. Deary,et al.  Relationships between ability and personality:does intelligence contribute positively to personal and social adjustment? , 2002 .

[161]  A. Bandura,et al.  Developmental psychology : Bandura , Ross and Ross ( 1961 ) Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models , 2015 .

[162]  A. Furnham,et al.  Demographic and personality predictors of intelligence: a study using the Neo Personality Inventory and the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator , 2003 .

[163]  D. Lollar,et al.  Revision of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps: developmental issues. , 2000, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[164]  U. Neisser.  Cognitive Psychology: Classic Edition , 1967 .

[165]  P. Rosenbaum,et al.  The World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: a model to guide clinical thinking, practice and research in the field of cerebral palsy. , 2004, Seminars in pediatric neurology.

[166]  Michael I. Jordan,et al.  Forward Models: Supervised Learning with a Distal Teacher , 1992, Cogn. Sci..

[167]  S. Greenberg,et al.  The Psychology of Everyday Things , 2012 .

[168]  A. Furnham,et al.  Personality, intelligence and approaches to learning as predictors of academic performance , 2008 .

[169]  R. Glavin.  Drug errors: consequences, mechanisms, and avoidance. , 2010, British journal of anaesthesia.

[170]  Jeff Sauro,et al.  Correlations among prototypical usability metrics: evidence for the construct of usability , 2009, CHI.

[171]  Jan M Noyes,et al.  A self-analysis of the NASA-TLX workload measure , 2007, Ergonomics.

[172]  Jukka Ojasalo,et al.  Better technologies and services for smart homes of disabled people: Empirical findings from an explorative study among intellectually disabled , 2010, 2010 2nd International Conference on Software Technology and Engineering.

[173]  Mark G. Stewart.  Modelling human error rates for human reliability analysis of a structural design task , 1992 .

[174]  Sang Joon Kim,et al.  A Mathematical Theory of Communication , 2006 .

[175]  R. S. Johansson,et al.  Roles of glabrous skin receptors and sensorimotor memory in automatic control of precision grip when lifting rougher or more slippery objects , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[176]  Jakob Nielsen,et al.  Iterative user-interface design , 1993, Computer.

[177]  R. Kay.  An exploration of theoretical and practical foundations for assessing attitudes toward computers: The Computer Attitude Measure (CAM) , 1993 .

[178]  James Reason,et al.  Human Error , 1990 .

[179]  Neil Selwyn,et al.  The digital native - myth and reality , 2009, Aslib Proc..

[180]  Steven J. Karau,et al.  THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS AND ACADEMIC MOTIVATION , 2005 .

[181]  Asghar Hazrati-Viari,et al.  The effect of personality traits on academic performance: The mediating role of academic motivation , 2012 .

[182]  Stefano Federici,et al.  Checking an integrated model of web accessibility and usability evaluation for disabled people , 2005, Disability and rehabilitation.

[183]  F. Paas,et al.  Cognitive Load Measurement as a Means to Advance Cognitive Load Theory , 2003 .

[184]  Jason Palmeri,et al.  Disability Studies, Cultural Analysis, and the Critical Practice of Technical Communication Pedagogy , 2006 .

[185]  Jens Rasmussen,et al.  Human errors. a taxonomy for describing human malfunction in industrial installations , 1982 .

[186]  R. Llinás.  I of the Vortex: From Neurons to Self , 2000 .

[187]  A. Poropat.  A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. , 2009, Psychological bulletin.

[188]  Martin Kuefer.  Advances In Humancomputer Interaction Advances In Human Computer Interaction , 2016 .

[189]  Claudine Auger,et al.  Issues for the selection of wheelchair-specific activity and participation outcome measures: a review. , 2008, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[190]  Philippe Gorce,et al.  Fitts's law interpretation as ergonomic metrics for motor impaired users , 2009 .

[191]  D. Kahneman.  Attention and Effort , 1973 .

[192]  Chris W. Johnson.  Why human error modeling has failed to help systems development , 1999, Interact. Comput..

[193]  Barry Kirwan,et al.  A Guide to Practical Human Reliability Assessment , 1994 .

[194]  David E. Rumelhart,et al.  Introduction to human information processing , 1977 .

[195]  Linda W Nikora,et al.  Disabled Māori and disability support options , 2004 .

[196]  K. J. Vicente,et al.  The Ecology of Human-Machine Systems II: Mediating 'Direct Perception' in Complex Work Domains , 1990 .

[197]  E. Mattox.  Strategies for improving patient safety: linking task type to error type. , 2012, Critical care nurse.

[198]  Jeff Sauro,et al.  The Factor Structure of the System Usability Scale , 2009, HCI.

[199]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. , 1977 .

[200]  R. Miall,et al.  Evidence of a limited visuo-motor memory used in programming wrist movements , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[201]  James R. Lewis,et al.  Psychometric Evaluation of the PSSUQ Using Data from Five Years of Usability Studies , 2002, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[202]  I. Winkler,et al.  Involuntary Attention and Distractibility as Evaluated with Event-Related Brain Potentials , 2000, Audiology and Neurotology.

[203]  W D Beggs,et al.  Can Hick's law and Fitts' law be combined? , 1972, Acta psychologica.

[204]  M. Kawato,et al.  A hierarchical neural-network model for control and learning of voluntary movement , 2004, Biological Cybernetics.

[205]  Marc Hassenzahl,et al.  User experience (UX): towards an experiential perspective on product quality , 2008, IHM '08.

[206]  Daniel M. Curlik,et al.  Use it or lose it: How neurogenesis keeps the brain fit for learning , 2012, Behavioural Brain Research.

[207]  J. Reason.  Understanding adverse events: human factors. , 1995, Quality in health care : QHC.

[208]  Neville A. Stanton,et al.  Human error taxonomies applied to driving: A generic driver error taxonomy and its implications for intelligent transport systems , 2009 .

[209]  Jüri Allik,et al.  Intelligence, academic abilities, and personality , 1997 .

[210]  David R. Cheriton.  Man-machine interface design for timesharing systems , 1976, ACM '76.

[211]  Markel Vigo,et al.  Coping tactics employed by visually disabled users on the web , 2013, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[212]  P. Kline,et al.  Personality and faculty in British universities , 1992 .

[213]  James T. Miller,et al.  An Empirical Evaluation of the System Usability Scale , 2008, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[214]  W. Singer,et al.  Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top–down processing , 2001, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[215]  Mick McGee,et al.  Usability Magnitude Estimation , 2003 .

[216]  G. L. Engel.  The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. , 2012, Psychodynamic psychiatry.

[217]  F. Paas,et al.  Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design , 1998 .

[218]  J. G. Hollands,et al.  Engineering Psychology and Human Performance , 1984 .

[219]  Glenn E. Futrell.  What Do You Look for in a New Engineer , 1985 .

[220]  Martin V. Butz,et al.  Benefits of Anticipations in Cognitive Agents , 2008, The Challenge of Anticipation.

[221]  S. Karau,et al.  Role of the Big Five personality traits in predicting college students' academic motivation and achievement , 2009 .

[222]  Peter Robinson,et al.  Towards a practical inclusive design approach , 2000, CUU '00.

[223]  K. Hogan,et al.  The Use and Abuse of Models of Disability , 2000 .

[224]  C. Barnes,et al.  Neural plasticity in the ageing brain , 2006, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[225]  M. Marseguerra,et al.  Quantitative developments in the cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) for the assessment of human performance , 2006 .

[226]  Rex B. Kline,et al.  Usability measurement and metrics: A consolidated model , 2006, Software Quality Journal.

[227]  Gary S. Monroe,et al.  Exploring Social Desirability Bias , 2003 .

[228]  D. Crews,et al.  Aging, disability, and frailty: implications for universal design. , 2006, Journal of physiological anthropology.

[229]  Susanne M Bruyere,et al.  The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Contemporary Literature Overview. , 2005 .

[230]  Helen Petrie,et al.  Remote usability evaluations With disabled people , 2006, CHI.

[231]  Ben Shneiderman,et al.  Universal usability , 2000, Commun. ACM.

[232]  A. Furnham,et al.  Estimating one's own personality and intelligence scores. , 2004, British journal of psychology.

[233]  Jens Rasmussen,et al.  Risk management in a dynamic society: a modelling problem , 1997 .

[234]  Ross Harrison,et al.  Profile of the Mechanical Engineer III. Personality , 1955 .

[235]  D. Gilbert,et al.  Why the brain talks to itself: sources of error in emotional prediction , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[236]  M. Orne.  On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. , 1962 .

[237]  D. E. Embrey,et al.  SHERPA: A systematic human error reduction and prediction approach , 2013 .

[238]  A. Nederhof.  Methods of coping with social desirability bias: A review. , 1985 .

[239]  Marc Hassenzahl,et al.  User experience - a research agenda , 2006, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[240]  Christopher Boorse,et al.  On the Distinction between Disease and Illness , 1999 .

[241]  A. Baddeley,et al.  Word length and the structure of short-term memory , 1975 .

[242]  A. Zeman.  Attentional Processing. The Brain's Art of Mindfulness , 1996 .

[243]  T. Claire Davies,et al.  Using cursor measures to investigate the effects of impairment severity on cursor control for youths with cerebral palsy , 2014, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[244]  Patrick Langdon,et al.  Using disability data to estimate design exclusion , 2010, Universal Access in the Information Society.

[245]  A Bandura,et al.  Social learning theory of aggression. , 1978, The Journal of communication.

[246]  C. Gallistel.  The Organization of Action: A New Synthesis , 1982 .

[247]  P. Chandler,et al.  Evidence for Cognitive Load Theory , 1991 .

[248]  Olivier Chapuis,et al.  Fitts' Law in the Wild: A Field Study of Aimed Movements , 2007 .

[249]  Murray R. Barrick,et al.  THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A META-ANALYSIS , 1991 .

[250]  W. E. Hick.  Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 1948, Nature.

[251]  S. Gosling,et al.  A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains , 2003 .

[252]  Lynn F. Bufka,et al.  Operationalizing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in clinical settings , 2005 .

[253]  Martin G. Helander,et al.  A Guide to Human Factors and Ergonomics , 2005 .

[254]  Peter E.D. Love,et al.  Design Error Classification, Causation, and Prevention in Construction Engineering , 2010 .

[255]  Ziaul Hasan,et al.  Role of proprioceptors in neural control , 1992, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[256]  I. Scott MacKenzie,et al.  An error model for pointing based on Fitts' law , 2008, CHI.

[257]  Christopher Boorse,et al.  Health as a Theoretical Concept , 1977, Philosophy of Science.

[258]  A. Furnham.  Response bias, social desirability and dissimulation , 1986 .

[259]  Steven D Schwaitzberg,et al.  Effects of cognitive distraction on performance of laparoscopic surgical tasks. , 2006, Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A.

[260]  John D Lee,et al.  Combining cognitive and visual distraction: less than the sum of its parts. , 2010, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[261]  Thomas E. Nygren,et al.  The Subjective Workload Assessment Technique: A Scaling Procedure for Measuring Mental Workload , 1988 .

[262]  Dan Goodley,et al.  'Learning Difficulties', the Social Model of Disability and Impairment: Challenging epistemologies , 2001 .

[263]  Reza Shadmehr,et al.  Computational nature of human adaptive control during learning of reaching movements in force fields , 1999, Biological Cybernetics.

[264]  A. Baddeley.  Working memory: looking back and looking forward , 2003, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[265]  Filip Lievens,et al.  Medical students' personality characteristics and academic performance: a five‐factor model perspective , 2002, Medical education.

[266]  Anne K. Ditcher,et al.  Effective teaching and learning in higher education, with particular reference to the undergraduate education of professional engineers , 2001 .

[267]  I. Winkler,et al.  Mismatch negativity: deviance detection or the maintenance of the 'standard'. , 1998, Neuroreport.

[268]  T. Salthouse.  When does age-related cognitive decline begin? , 2009, Neurobiology of Aging.