Cavity quantum electrodynamics

As Casimir pointed out many years ago, conducting surfaces and cavities alter the structure of the vacuum states, and these alterations can have physical effects. This is the underlying principle of the Casimir force and also the point of departure for a series of recent studies on atom-vacuum interactions in the microwave and millimeter wave regimes. The natural scale for such effects is set by the spontaneous emission rate. At microwave wavelengths this rate is normally too small for spontaneous emission to be observable, In Rydberg atoms, however, the rate is enhanced by a factor n4 (n is the principal quantum number, typically 20-40). Advances in experimental techniques for Rydberg atoms have opened the way to the study of the atom-vacuum interaction at long wavelengths. The result has been a renewed interest in physical effects due to the vacuum, essentially a new area of macroscopic quantum phenomena. Recent experiments with Rydberg atoms and also with free electrons are described. I will attempt to set the stage by reexamining some of the physical effects of the vacuum and illustrating the ideas with an experiment in which spontaneous emission was effectively turned off by tuning below cutoff a waveguidelike structure that surrounded the atom.1 (Invited paper, 25 min)

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