Examination strategies of experienced and novice clinicians viewing the retina

Expertise in viewing medical images is thought to be due to the ability to process holistic image information. Eye care clinicians can inspect photographs of the retina to search for signs of disease. However, they commonly also view the eye in vivo using the restricted view of a slit lamp, which removes the potential benefits of holistic processing. We investigated how expert and novice clinicians inspect the fundus using these two methods.

[1]  D. Ballard,et al.  Memory Representations in Natural Tasks , 1995, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[2]  M F Land,et al.  The knowledge base of the oculomotor system. , 1997, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[3]  A. L. Yarbus,et al.  Eye Movements and Vision , 1967, Springer US.

[4]  B. Tatler,et al.  The prominence of behavioural biases in eye guidance , 2009 .

[5]  Damien Litchfield,et al.  Looking for Cancer: Expertise Related Differences in Searching and Decision Making , 2013 .

[6]  D. Ballard,et al.  What you see is what you need. , 2003, Journal of vision.

[7]  Michael F. Land,et al.  From eye movements to actions: how batsmen hit the ball , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[8]  D. Whitteridge Movements of the eyes R. H. S. Carpenter, Pion Ltd, London (1977), 420 pp., $27.00 , 1979, Neuroscience.

[9]  Kenneth C. Scott-Brown,et al.  Behavioral biases when viewing multiplexed scenes: scene structure and frames of reference for inspection , 2013, Front. Psychol..

[10]  H L Kundel,et al.  Interpreting chest radiographs without visual search. , 1975, Radiology.

[11]  Lester C. Loschky,et al.  Investigating spatial vision and dynamic attentional selection using a gaze-contingent multiresolutional display. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[12]  George L. Malcolm,et al.  How context information and target information guide the eyes from the first epoch of search in real-world scenes. , 2014, Journal of vision.

[13]  Benjamin W Tatler,et al.  The central fixation bias in scene viewing: selecting an optimal viewing position independently of motor biases and image feature distributions. , 2007, Journal of vision.

[14]  T. Foulsham,et al.  Modelling the influence of central and peripheral information on saccade biases in gaze-contingent scene viewing , 2012 .

[15]  Kenneth C. Scott-Brown,et al.  An Instinct for Detection: Psychological Perspectives on CCTV Surveillance , 2007 .

[16]  D. Ballard,et al.  Task constraints in visual working memory , 1997, Vision Research.

[17]  S. Haymes,et al.  Gaze behavior among experts and trainees during optic disc examination: does how we look affect what we see? , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[18]  H L Kundel,et al.  Nature of expertise in searching mammograms for breast masses , 1996, Medical Imaging.

[19]  Matthew H Tong,et al.  SUN: Top-down saliency using natural statistics , 2009, Visual cognition.

[20]  K. Rayner,et al.  Eye movements and scene perception. , 1992, Canadian journal of psychology.

[21]  T. Crawford,et al.  Viewing another person's eye movements improves identification of pulmonary nodules in chest x-ray inspection. , 2010, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[22]  E. Conant,et al.  Holistic component of image perception in mammogram interpretation: gaze-tracking study. , 2007, Radiology.

[23]  Manabu Iguchi,et al.  Entry of inclined hydrophobic and hydrophilic circular cylinders into water , 2011, J. Vis..

[24]  M. Coutanceau,et al.  Particulars of the cross- and spanwise near-wake development of a short Semicircular-section Shell, through the TransitionRe-range (60 ≤Re ≤ 600) , 2000 .

[25]  H. Simon,et al.  Perception in chess , 1973 .

[26]  K. Rayner,et al.  Eye Movement Control during Reading: Evidence for Direct Control , 1981, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[27]  B. Tatler,et al.  Looking and Acting: Vision and eye movements in natural behaviour , 2009 .

[28]  J W Oestmann,et al.  Lung lesions: correlation between viewing time and detection. , 1988, Radiology.

[29]  Atsushi Okajima,et al.  Flow visualization of coaxial jet excited with varying phase differences , 2004, J. Vis..

[30]  D. Ballard,et al.  Eye guidance in natural vision: reinterpreting salience. , 2011, Journal of vision.

[31]  D H Brainard,et al.  The Psychophysics Toolbox. , 1997, Spatial vision.

[32]  M. Tinker How People Look at Pictures. , 1936 .

[33]  R Core Team,et al.  R: A language and environment for statistical computing. , 2014 .

[34]  Tom Foulsham,et al.  Saccade control in natural images is shaped by the information visible at fixation: evidence from asymmetric gaze-contingent windows , 2011, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[35]  Tom Foulsham,et al.  Turning the world around: Patterns in saccade direction vary with picture orientation , 2008, Vision Research.

[36]  Antonio Torralba,et al.  Contextual guidance of eye movements and attention in real-world scenes: the role of global features in object search. , 2006, Psychological review.

[37]  Krista A. Ehinger,et al.  Modelling search for people in 900 scenes: A combined source model of eye guidance , 2009 .

[38]  M. Myles-Worsley,et al.  The influence of expertise on X-ray image processing. , 1988, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[39]  G. d'Ydewalle,et al.  Early peripheral and foveal processing in fixations during scene perception , 2003 .

[40]  Hadley Wickham,et al.  ggplot2 - Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (2nd Edition) , 2017 .