Low-Emission Maximum-Efficiency Tracking of an Intelligent Bi-Fuel Hydrogen–Gasoline Generator for HEV Applications

This paper presents a bifuel hydrogen–gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) as an effective strategy for extending the electric vehicle's ranges. The electric power produced by the proposed ICE linked with a generator is a nonlinear function of the engine speed and the proportions of hydrogen and gasoline mixed fuel can be approximated around operating conditions. This nonlinear function is approximated by the Taylor series and a comparative study between the obtained results and the experimental data showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Furthermore, we observed that the Taylor series approach can achieve less than 7% error, while the modeling with an artificial neural network or a recursive least square method results in more than 8% error. To enable the ICE operation with maximum efficiency, a nonlinear optimization method is used. The proposed maximum efficiency tracking approach is compared with that of the most used industrial methods based on constant speed. The results show that the proposed approach can result in more than 7% of saving in energy, compared to that of the industrial method.

[1]  Srdjan M. Lukic,et al.  Topological overview of hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicular power system architectures and configurations , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[2]  P. M. Diéguez,et al.  Conversion of a gasoline engine-generator set to a bi-fuel (hydrogen/gasoline) electronic fuel-injec , 2011 .

[3]  Sousso Kelouwani,et al.  Internal Model Control of a Hydrogen-Fueled Genset for HEV Applications , 2015, 2015 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).

[4]  P. Poudenx.  The effect of transportation policies on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission from urban passenger transportation , 2008 .

[5]  Ghazi A. Karim,et al.  Hydrogen as a spark ignition engine fuel , 2003 .

[7]  Sousso Kelouwani,et al.  Tracking maximum efficiency of hydrogen genset used as electric vehicle range extender , 2014 .

[8]  Saad Mekhilef,et al.  Comparative study of different fuel cell technologies , 2012 .

[9]  Sousso Kelouwani,et al.  Optimal economy-based battery degradation management dynamics for fuel-cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2015 .

[10]  Aamer I. Bhatti,et al.  Hybrid Model of the Gasoline Engine for Misfire Detection , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[11]  David S.-K. Ting,et al.  The addition of hydrogen to a gasoline-fuelled SI engine , 2004 .

[12]  K. Agbossou,et al.  PEMFC low temperature startup for electric vehicle , 2012, IECON 2012 - 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[13]  Roger Sierens,et al.  Efficiency comparison between hydrogen and gasoline, on a bi-fuel hydrogen/gasoline engine , 2009 .

[14]  Chang-Gi Kim,et al.  The influences of hydrogen on the performance and emission characteristics of a heavy duty natural gas engine , 2011 .

[15]  Sousso Kelouwani,et al.  Intelligent Blended Hydrogen-Gasoline Generator Emission/Efficiency Characterization in Context of EV Range Extension , 2016, 2016 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).

[16]  Pragasen Pillay,et al.  Trends in transportation sector technology energy use and greenhouse gas emissions , 2001 .

[17]  Bo Zhang,et al.  Performance of a hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine under various operating conditions , 2012 .

[18]  C. C. Chan,et al.  The state of the art of electric and hybrid vehicles , 2002, Proc. IEEE.

[19]  Ali Emadi,et al.  Classification and Review of Control Strategies for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[20]  Ahmet Baran,et al.  A fuzzy diagnosis and advice system for optimization of emissions and fuel consumption , 2005, Expert Syst. Appl..

[21]  Giuseppe De Nicolao,et al.  Estimation of Engine Maps: A Regularized Basis-Function Networks Approach , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[22]  Sousso Kelouwani,et al.  Approach in Nonintrusive Type I Load Monitoring Using Subtractive Clustering , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[23]  Kwang Min Chun,et al.  Generating efficiency and emissions of a spark-ignition gas engine generator fuelled with biogas–hydrogen blends , 2009 .

[24]  Hyunchul Ju,et al.  Comparison of numerical simulation results and experimental data during cold-start of polymer electrolyte fuel cells , 2012 .

[25]  Pak Kin Wong,et al.  Engine idle-speed system modelling and control optimization using artificial intelligence , 2010 .

[26]  Thomas H. Bradley,et al.  Design, demonstrations and sustainability impact assessments for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2009 .

[27]  Khalil Maalej,et al.  Long-Trip Optimal Energy Planning With Online Mass Estimation for Battery Electric Vehicles , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[28]  P. R. Chitragar,et al.  Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Combustion Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Spark Ignition High Speed Gasoline Engine , 2014 .

[29]  Ghazi A. Karim,et al.  Exhaust emissions from an SI engine operating on gaseous fuel mixtures containing hydrogen , 2005 .

[30]  S. Verhelst,et al.  Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines , 2014 .

[31]  Ioannis D. Schizas,et al.  Distributed Power Profile Tracking for Heterogeneous Charging of Electric Vehicles , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[32]  G. Nagarajan,et al.  Performance and emission studies on port injection of hydrogen with varied flow rates with Diesel as an ignition source , 2010 .

[33]  Georgios B. Giannakis,et al.  Real-Time Load Elasticity Tracking and Pricing for Electric Vehicle Charging , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[34]  Thomas Wallner,et al.  Evolution of Hydrogen Fueled Vehicles Compared to Conventional Vehicles from 2010 to 2045 , 2009 .

[35]  A. Khaligh,et al.  Power electronics intensive solutions for advanced electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicular power systems , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[36]  Hyunchul Ju,et al.  Evaluating cold-start behaviors of end and intermediate cells in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) stack , 2012 .

[37]  Dawei Sun,et al.  Research on the Performance and Emission of a Port Fuel Injection Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine , 2010, 2011 International Conference on Computer Distributed Control and Intelligent Environmental Monitoring.

[38]  Thomas Wallner,et al.  Electricity Powering Combustion: Hydrogen Engines , 2012, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[39]  Aamer I. Bhatti,et al.  Estimation of Gasoline-Engine Parameters Using Higher Order Sliding Mode , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.