Successes in African agriculture: Results of an expert survey

Abstract Using primary data from a survey of expert opinion, this paper identifies key successes emerging in African agriculture. Among these, major commodity-specific successes identified include breakthroughs in maize breeding across Africa, sustained gains in cassava breeding and successful combat of its disease and pests, control of the rinderpest livestock disease, booming horticultural and flower exports in East and Southern Africa and increased cotton production and exports in West Africa. Using a dynamic analytical framework, the paper attempts to identify key ingredients that appear necessary for building on these individual cases and expanding them into broad-based agricultural growth.

[1]  J. Stoorvogel,et al.  Assessment of soil nutrient depletion in sub-Saharan Africa: 1983-2000. , 1990 .

[2]  P. Dorosh,et al.  RICE PRICE STABILIZATION IN BANGLADESH: AN ANALYSIS OF POLICY OPTIONS , 2002 .

[3]  F. van der Pol,et al.  Soil Mining: An Unseen Contributor to Farm Income in Southern Mali , 1994 .

[4]  Nairobi The diffusion of hybrid maize in western Kenya , 1974 .

[5]  R. Bingen Cotton, democracy and development in Mali , 1998, The Journal of Modern African Studies.

[6]  Claude B. Courbois,et al.  GLOBAL FOOD DEMAND AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK AS WE ENTER THE NEW MILLENNIUM , 1998 .

[7]  Agricultural Input Market Reforms. A Review of Selected Literature , 1995 .

[8]  A. Abdulai,et al.  An Empirical Investigation of Short- and Long-run Agricultural Wage Formation in Ghana , 2000 .

[9]  Claude B. Courbois,et al.  The Impact of Livestock and Fisheries on Food Availability and Demand in 2020 , 1997 .

[10]  Julian M. Alston,et al.  Financing agricultural research: International investment patterns and policy perspectives , 1998 .

[11]  C. Delgado,et al.  SOURCES OF GROWTH IN SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE INTEGRATION OF SMALLHOLDERS WITH PROCESSORS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: THE ROLE OF VERTICAL AND MARKETERS OF HIGH VALUE-ADDED ITEMS , 1999 .

[12]  G. Weber Legume-Based Technologies for African Savannas: Challenges for Research and Development , 1996 .

[13]  A. Dougill Sustaining the Soil: Indigenous soil and water conservation in Africa , 1997 .

[14]  O. Ampadu-Agyei,et al.  Lessons from the Ground Up: African Development That Works , 1995 .

[15]  Kevin M. Schreiber Gotz A. Cleaver,et al.  Reversing the Spiral: The Population, Agriculture, and Environment Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa , 1994 .

[16]  Melinda Smale,et al.  Maize technology in Malawi: A green revolution in the making? CIMMYT Research Report No , 1995 .

[17]  P. Pardey,et al.  Cost aspects of African agricultural research , 1999 .

[18]  P. Sánchez,et al.  Improved fallows come of age in the tropics , 1999, Agroforestry Systems.

[19]  P. Bardhan Alternative Approaches to the Theory of Institutions in Economic Development , 1987 .

[20]  N. Uphoff Improving International Irrigation Management with Farmer Participation , 1986 .

[21]  A. Matthews International Development Assistance and Food Security , 1999 .

[22]  E. Gabre-Madhin Of Markets and Middlemen: The Role of Brokers in Ethiopia , 1999 .

[23]  Jan Willem Gunning,et al.  Why Has Africa Grown Slowly , 1999 .

[24]  Nicholas Minot,et al.  Adjustment of Wheat Production to Market Reform in Egypt , 1999 .

[25]  T. Randolph,et al.  Economic impact assessment of rinderpest control in Africa. , 1999, Revue scientifique et technique.

[26]  Carl K. Eicher Facing Up to Africa’s Food Crisis , 1982 .

[27]  R. Evenson Chapter 11 Economic impacts of agricultural research and extension , 2001 .

[28]  Y. Baguma,et al.  Cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda: the current pandemic and approaches to control. , 1997 .

[29]  Michael Tribe Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: an agenda for action , 1982 .

[30]  A. Orr "Green gold?": burley tobacco, smallholder agriculture, and poverty alleviation in Malawi. , 2000 .

[31]  Gail M. Gerhart Can Africa Claim the 21st Century , 2000 .

[32]  A. Gulati,et al.  GLOBALIZATION AND THE SMALLHOLDERS: A REVIEW OF ISSUES, APPROACHES, AND IMPLICATIONS , 2002 .

[33]  D. Hulme FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAMME WORKING PAPER SERIES PAPER NO.1 IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES FOR MICROFINANCE: THEORY, EXPERIENCE AND BETTER PRACTICE February 1999 , 1999 .

[34]  K. Moss,et al.  Cutting Hunger and Poverty in Half: Interest Groups and a Renewed U.S. Commitment in the Post-Cold War World. , 2000 .

[35]  J. Harlan,et al.  The Living Fields: Our Agricultural Heritage. , 1996 .

[36]  J. Staatz,et al.  THE REFORM OF RICE MILLING AND MARKETING IN THE OFFICE DU NIGER: CATALYST FOR AN AGRICULTURAL SUCCESS STORY IN MALI , 1999 .

[37]  A. Adesina,et al.  Policy and competitiveness of agroforestry-based technologies for maize production in Cameroon: An application of policy analysis matrix , 1998 .

[38]  J. Staatz,et al.  Democracy and Development in Mali , 2000 .

[39]  D. Buckles Cover crops in West Africa : contributing to sustainable agriculture = Plantes de couverture en Afrique de l'Quest : une contribution a l'agriculture durable , 1998 .

[40]  Jabbar,et al.  Livestock Policy Analysis Brief no. 12. Participation in the construction of a local public good with indivisibilities: An application to watershed development in Ethiopia , 1998 .

[41]  M. Miracle Maize in Tropical Africa , 1966 .

[42]  A. Dixon,et al.  The contribution of IITA-improved cassava to food security in sub-Saharan Africa: an impact study. , 2000 .

[43]  D. Fargette,et al.  The epidemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in Madagascar in the 1930s-1940s: lessons for the current situation in Uganda , 1997 .

[44]  S. Franzel,et al.  Soil fertility replenishment in Sub-Saharan Africa: new techniques and the spread of their use on farms , 1998 .

[45]  P. Pingali,et al.  Impact of rice research in West Africa. , 1998 .

[46]  T. Jayne,et al.  Food Marketing and Pricing Policy in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Survey , 1997 .

[47]  U. Lele Cotton in Africa: An Analysis of Differences in Performance , 1990 .

[48]  O. Badiane Market Integration and the Long Run Adjustment of Local Markets to Changes in Trade and Exchange Rate Regimes: Options for Market Reform and Promotion Policies , 1997 .

[49]  N. Minot,et al.  Impact of global cotton markets on rural poverty in Benin , 2005 .

[50]  J. Pretty Can Sustainable Agriculture Feed Africa? New Evidence on Progress, Processes and Impacts , 1999 .

[51]  E. Gabre-Madhin,et al.  Reforming Agricultural Markets in Africa , 2002 .

[52]  R. Meinzen-Dick,et al.  Property rights, collective action and technologies for natural resource management: a conceptual framework , 2000 .

[53]  Jared M. Diamond,et al.  Guns, germs and steel : how the inequalities of wealth and power among modern peoples were moulded by prehistory , 1997 .

[54]  P. Vissoh,et al.  Experiences with Mucuna in West Africa , 1998 .

[55]  Piet Buijsrogge Initiatives paysannes en Afrique de l'Ouest , 1989 .

[56]  Manohar P. Sharma,et al.  Micro-Lending for Small Farmers in Bangladesh: Does It Affect Farm Households' Land Allocation Decision? , 2004 .

[57]  O. Badiane Liberalisation et Competitivite de la Filiere Arachidiere au Sénégal , 1997 .

[58]  Felix I. Nweke,et al.  The Cassava Transformation: Africa's Best-Kept Secret , 2001 .

[59]  F. Schulthess,et al.  Developing an environmentally sound plant protection for cassava in Africa , 1993 .

[60]  C. Barrett,et al.  Natural resource technologies for semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. , 2002 .

[61]  Philip G. Pardey,et al.  Investments in african agricultural research , 1997 .

[62]  Wil de Jong,et al.  Challenges to Proponents of Common Property Recource Systems: Despairing Voices from the Social Forests of Zimbabwe , 2001 .

[63]  Ann Waters-Bayer,et al.  Farming for the future: an introduction to low-external-input and sustainable agriculture. , 1992 .

[64]  J. Sachs,et al.  Geography, demography, and economic growth in Africa. , 1998, Brookings papers on economic activity.

[65]  J. G. Kling,et al.  Impact of IITA-improved germplasm on maize production in West and Central Africa. , 2000 .

[66]  S. Koala,et al.  Research on nutrient flows and balances in west Africa: state-of-the-art 1 Paper contributes to EC I , 1998 .

[67]  R. Bates Markets and states in tropical Africa , 1981 .

[68]  H. Herren,et al.  Biological control of cassava pests in Africa. , 1991 .

[69]  A. Isaacman,et al.  Cotton, Colonialism, and Social History in Sub-Saharan Africa , 1995 .

[70]  D. North Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance: Economic performance , 1990 .

[71]  S. Ngqangweni Rural growth linkages in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa , 1999 .

[72]  Carl K. Eicher,et al.  Africa’s Emerging Maize Revolution , 1997 .

[73]  N. Lustig,et al.  World development report 2000/2001 : attacking poverty , 2001 .

[74]  Carl K. Eicher Institutions and the African farmer , 1999 .

[75]  J. Pichot Evolution de la fertilité d'un sol ferrugineux tropical sous l'influence de fumures minerales et organiques , 1981 .

[76]  R. Swennen,et al.  Plantain in the Early Bantu World , 1994 .

[77]  S. Franzel Socioeconomic factors affecting the adoption potential of improved tree fallows in Africa , 1999, Agroforestry Systems.

[78]  Ibrahim A. Elbadawi,et al.  Can Africa Claim the 21st Century , 2000 .

[79]  Gordon Conway,et al.  The Doubly Green Revolution: Food for All in the 21st Century , 1999 .

[80]  Methods for agricultural input market reform research , 1995 .

[81]  M. Walshe Dairy development in Sub-Saharan Africa : a study of issues and options , 1991 .

[82]  D. Johnson,et al.  Elmhirst Memorial Lecture: the limited but essential role of government in agriculture and rural life. , 1995 .

[83]  J. Reader Africa: A Biography of the Continent , 1997 .

[84]  P. Sánchez,et al.  Soil fertility replenishment takes off in East and Southern Africa. , 2001 .

[85]  G. W. Padwick Fifty Years of Experimental Agriculture II. The Maintenance of Soil Fertility in Tropical Africa: A Review , 1983, Experimental Agriculture.

[86]  Michael Weber,et al.  Effects of Market Reform on Access to Food by Low-Income Households: Evidence from Four Countries in Eastern and Southern Africa , 1995 .

[87]  R. Norgaard The Biological Control of Cassava Mealybug in Africa , 1988 .

[88]  N. Minot,et al.  The Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Vietnam and the Potential for Targeting , 2002 .

[89]  C. Delgado Africa's changing agricultural development strategies: past and present paradigms as a guide to the future , 1995 .

[90]  C. Barrett,et al.  Policy Reforms and Sustainable Agricultural Intensification in Africa , 1999 .

[91]  S. Wiggins Interpreting Changes from the 1970s to the 1990s in African Agriculture Through Village Studies , 2000 .

[92]  E. Gabre-Madhin,et al.  Successes in African agriculture , 2003 .

[93]  J. Oehmke,et al.  The Impact of Agricultural Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Synthesis of Symposium Findings , 1996 .

[94]  Foodgrain market integration under market reforms in Egypt , 1994 .

[95]  T. Akiyama Commodity market reforms: lessons of two decades. , 2001 .

[96]  G. Helleiner Accelerated development in sub-Saharan Africa, an agenda for action: The World Bank, (Washington, 1981) viii + 198 pp , 1983 .

[97]  R. Buresh,et al.  The science and practice of short-term improved fallows: symposium synthesis and recommendations , 1999, Agroforestry Systems.

[98]  Deborah Merrill-Sands,et al.  Farmers and researchers: The road to partnership , 1994 .

[99]  Claude B. Courbois,et al.  CHANGING FISH TRADE AND DEMAND PATTERNS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR POLICY RESEARCH , 1997 .

[100]  Terry P. Townsend,et al.  INTERNATIONAL COTTON ADVISORY COMMITTEE , 1992 .

[101]  Andrew Dorward,et al.  Smallholder cash crop production under market liberalisation: a new institutional economics perspective. , 1998 .

[102]  F. Goletti Agricultural diversification and rural industrialization as a strategy for rural income growth and poverty reduction in Indochina and Myanmar , 1999 .

[103]  W. Conelly Colonial era livestock development policy: Introduction of improved dairy cattle in high-potential farming areas of Kenya , 1998 .

[104]  M. Bekunda,et al.  Research on nutrient flows and balances in East and Southern Africa: state-of-the-art 1 Paper contri , 1998 .

[105]  J. Kirsten,et al.  THE NEW INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS: APPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL POLICY RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES , 2002 .

[106]  S. Mbogoh,et al.  Kenya's dairy industry: the marketing system and the marketing and pricing policies for fresh milk , 1992 .

[107]  Carl K. Eicher AFRICA'S UNFINISHED BUSINESS: BUILDING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS , 2001 .

[108]  Claude B. Courbois,et al.  The growing place of livestock products in world food in the twenty-first century , 1999 .

[109]  M. Fafchamps,et al.  Property Rights in a Flea Market Economy* , 2001, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[110]  Robert C. Dunnell,et al.  The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective , 1987 .

[111]  Bruce D. Smith The Emergence of Agriculture , 1994 .

[112]  M. Smale,et al.  Maize in Eastern and Southern Africa: 'seeds' of success in retrospect , 2003 .

[113]  Steve Jaffee Exporting high-value food commodities : success stories from developing countries , 1992 .

[114]  N. Minot,et al.  Fertilizer market reform and the determinants of fertilizer use in Benin and Malawi , 2000 .

[115]  E. Gabre-Madhin The role of intermediaries in enhancing market efficiency in the Ethiopian grain market , 2001 .

[116]  M. Maredia,et al.  Impacts of Food Crop Improvement Research in Africa , 1999 .

[117]  Stephen S. Golub,et al.  Unit Labour Costs, International Competitiveness, and Exports: The Case of Senegal , 2002 .

[118]  S. Fan,et al.  Public spending in developing countries: trends, determination, and impact , 2003 .

[119]  W. Plowright,et al.  Studies with Rinderpest Virus in Tissue Culture , 1962 .

[120]  D. Byerlee Maize research in Sub-Saharan Africa: An overview of past impacts and future prospects , 1994 .

[121]  W. Jones Manioc: An Example of Innovation in African Economies , 1957, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[122]  S. Rashid Dynamics of agricultural wage and rice price in Bangladesh , 2002 .

[123]  M. Rosegrant,et al.  FISH AS FOOD: PROJECTIONS TO 2020 UNDER DIFFERENT SCENARIOS , 2002 .

[124]  H. Wamwayi,et al.  Observations on rinderpest in Kenya, 1986-1989. , 1992, Revue scientifique et technique.

[125]  S. Jaffee,et al.  THE ROLES OF THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTORS IN ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF SEED SYSTEMS , 1994 .

[126]  F. Goletti,et al.  THE IMPACT OF POSTHARVEST RESEARCH , 1999 .

[127]  S. David,et al.  Assessing the impact of bush bean varieties on poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Uganda. , 2000 .

[128]  S. Jaffee,et al.  Marketing Africa's high-value foods : comparative experiences of an emergent private sector , 1995 .

[129]  S. Scherr,et al.  Trees on the farm: assessing the adoption potential of agroforestry practices in Africa. , 2002 .

[130]  P. Svedberg 841 Million Undernourished , 1999 .

[131]  Lindsey A. Greene,et al.  Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research , 2000 .

[132]  David Schoenbrun Cattle herds and banana gardens: the historical geography of the western Great Lakes region,ca AD 800–1500 , 1993 .

[133]  Bumper crops, producer incentives and persistent poverty , 2002 .

[134]  Steven J. Staal,et al.  Smallholder dairying under transactions costs in East Africa , 1997 .

[135]  A. Gulati,et al.  Rice trade liberalization and poverty. , 2002 .

[136]  R. Carter Sustaining the Soil: Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Africa , 1997 .

[137]  F. Dakora,et al.  Contribution of legume nitrogen fixation to sustainable agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa , 1997 .

[138]  Jules Pretty,et al.  Regenerating Agriculture: Policies and Practice for Sustainability and Self-Reliance , 1995 .

[139]  S. Haggblade,et al.  A subsector approach to small enterprise promotion and research , 1992 .

[140]  D. Leonard African Successes: Four Public Managers of Kenyan Rural Development , 1991 .

[141]  W. Masters,et al.  The impact of agricultural research in Africa: aggregate and case study evidence , 1998 .

[142]  S. Franzel,et al.  Sesbania sesban improved fallows in eastern Zambia: Their inception, development and farmer enthusiasm , 1999, Agroforestry Systems.

[143]  C. Wrigley Bananas in Buganda , 1989 .

[144]  V. Ruttan Cultural Endowments and Economic Development: What Can We Learn from Anthropology? , 1988, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[145]  M. Onis,et al.  Is malnutrition declining? An analysis of changes in levels of child malnutrition since 1980. , 2000, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[146]  Carl K. Eicher Zimbabwe's maize-based Green Revolution: Preconditions for replication , 1995 .

[147]  Carl K. Eicher Sustainable institutions for African agricultural development , 1989 .

[148]  Bart Minten,et al.  Relationships and traders in Madagascar , 1999 .

[149]  R. Roberts,et al.  Two Worlds of Cotton: Colonialism and the Regional Economy in the French Sudan, 1800-1946 , 1996 .

[150]  N. Borlaug,et al.  Mobilising Science and Technology to Get Agriculture Moving in Africa , 1995 .

[151]  B. Duguma,et al.  Provenance evaluation of Calliandra calothyrsus meissner in the humid lowlands of Cameroon , 1997, Agroforestry Systems.

[152]  Thomas S. Jayne,et al.  False Promise or False Premise? The Experience of Food and Input Market Reform in Eastern and Southern Africa , 2002 .

[153]  W. Jones Manioc in Africa. , 1959 .

[154]  Amartya Sen,et al.  Human development and financial conservatism , 1998 .

[155]  M. Ndoye,et al.  California cowpeas and food policy in Senegal , 1988 .

[156]  William A. Masters,et al.  Climate and Scale in Economic Growth , 2001 .

[157]  R. Mack The great African cattle plague epidemic of the 1890's , 1970, Tropical Animal Health and Production.

[158]  Michael L. Morris,et al.  Maize seed industries in developing countries. , 1998 .

[159]  R. Hinde,et al.  The Possibility of Cooperation@@@Cooperation: The Basis of Sociability.@@@Cooperation and Prosocial Behavior.@@@Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. , 1990 .

[160]  D. Roland-Holst,et al.  Global Agricultural Trade and the Doha Round: What are the Implications for North and South? , 2002 .

[161]  G. Holloway,et al.  Agroindustrialization through institutional innovation , 1999 .