Description of the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model: Version 4 (MM4)

The report describes a limited-area, hydrostatic, primitive equation numerical model developed by the Pennsylvania State University and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The model is known as the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model, Version 4, or MM4. The report documents the continuous-model equations and their finite-difference analogs, the horizontal and vertical grid structures, the lateral boundary conditions, and the parameterization of physical processes in the model. These processes include surface fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum, the turbulent transport of these quantities in the planetary boundary layer and the free atmosphere, horizontal diffusion, and the release of latent heat in convective and nonconvective clouds. The report also provides references to other reports and publications that document the modeling system and applications of the system to the simulation of atmospheric phenomena.

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