Zooarchaeology in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic of Southern Portugal

Abstract Our knowledge of South Portugal's Neolithic and Chalcolithic subsistence strategies is limited by scarce palaeobotanical evidence (restricted to the latter period) and irregular zooarchaeological data. This framework is also affected by post-depositional biases, unevenly represented sites throughout the territory (i.e. under/over representation of sites according to their functions) and published data with disparate objectives and analytic methodologies. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that a priori theoretical assumption dominates over empirically supported arguments on crucial aspects of the Neo–Chalcolithic time period, such as (1) the relative importance of domestic versus wild species at the Neolithic onset (cal ≈5500 BC), (2) the supposed predominance of caprines herding and cervid hunting among the economic practices of the megalith builders (cal ≈4000–3000 BC) or (3) the real impact of the ‘Secondary Products Revolution’ and its chronology (cal ≈3000 BC onwards?). Using existing publications and unpublished reports, we critically organise the available zooarchaeological data according to geographical and ecological sub-regions, in order to discuss it under uniform analytic procedures, evaluate current models and point out directions for future research.

[1]  D. Serjeantson,et al.  Animals in the Neolithic of Britain and Europe , 2015 .

[2]  L. Orlando,et al.  First evidence of Equus asinus L. in the Chalcolithic disputes the Phoenicians as the first to introduce donkeys into the Iberian Peninsula , 2013 .

[3]  J. Gibaja,et al.  Insights into the earliest agriculture of Central Portugal: Sickle implements from the Early Neolithic site of Cortiçóis (Santarém) , 2013 .

[4]  A. Hadjikoumis Traditional pig herding practices in southwest Iberia: Questions of scale and zooarchaeological implications , 2012 .

[5]  R. Bendrey From wild horses to domestic horses: a European perspective , 2012 .

[6]  R. Mataloto,et al.  Animal remains from Chalcolithic São Pedro (Redondo, Alentejo): evidence for a crisis in the Mesolithic , 2012 .

[7]  A. M. Muñiz,et al.  Las transformaciones económicas del Neolítico en la Península Ibérica: la ganadería , 2012 .

[8]  L. P. Chocarro,et al.  Las transformaciones económicas del Neolítico en la Península Ibérica: la agricultura , 2012 .

[9]  M. Guerra,et al.  El neolítico en la Península Ibérica y su contexto europeo , 2012 .

[10]  J. Soares Transformações Sociais durante o III Milénio AC no Sul de Portugal. O Povoado do Porto das Carretas , 2011 .

[11]  A. Eriksson,et al.  European Domestic Horses Originated in Two Holocene Refugia , 2011, PloS one.

[12]  P. Rowley-Conwy,et al.  Westward Ho! The Spread of Agriculturalism from Central Europe to the Atlantic , 2011 .

[13]  A. Carvalho,et al.  Surf and Turf: The Use of Marine and Terrestrial Resources in the Early Neolithic of Coastal Southern Portugal , 2011 .

[14]  N. Bicho,et al.  Trekking the Shore , 2011 .

[15]  A. Carvalho Le passage vers l’Atlantique : le processus de néolithisation en Algarve (sud du Portugal) , 2010 .

[16]  A. C. Sousa O Penedo do Lexim e a sequência do neolítico final e calcolítico da Península de Lisboa , 2010 .

[17]  Mário Varela Gomes,et al.  O Santuario exterior do Escoural. Sector NE (Montemor-o-Novo, Évora) , 2009 .

[18]  R. Salisbury,et al.  Reimagining Regional Analyses: The Archaeology of Spatial and Social Dynamics , 2009 .

[19]  J. Cardoso O povoado pré-histórico do Carrascal (Oeiras) e os rituais associados a grandes bovídeos , 2009 .

[20]  Thierry Aubry,et al.  Cova do Ladrao: cronoestratigrafia e enquadramento na ocupação holocénica do Baixo Mondego (Portugal) , 2008 .

[21]  S. Davis,et al.  Of metapodials, measurements and music – eight years of miscellaneous zooarchaeological discoveries at the IPA, Lisbon , 2007 .

[22]  A. Carvalho A neolitização do Portugal meridional: os exemplos do maciço calcário estremenho e do Algarve ocidental , 2007 .

[23]  Jean-Philip Brugal,et al.  Dynamic of large mammalian associations in the Pleistocene of Portugal , 2007 .

[24]  Marta Moreno García,et al.  Os restos faunísticos de vertebrados do sítio do Mercador (Mourão) , 2007 .

[25]  Daniel Helmer,et al.  Was milk a « secondary product » in the Old World Neolithisation process? Its role in the domestication of cattle, sheep and goats , 2007 .

[26]  P. Taberlet,et al.  Divergent mtDNA lineages of goats in an Early Neolithic site, far from the initial domestication areas , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[27]  P. Taberlet,et al.  The origin of European cattle: evidence from modern and ancient DNA. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  P. Rowley-Conwy,et al.  Pigs of the ‘Far West’ : the biometry of Sus from archaeological sites in Portugal. , 2005 .

[29]  J. Cardoso A Baixa Estremadura dos finais do IV milénio a.C. até à chegada dos romanos : um ensaio de história regional , 2004 .

[30]  A. Carvalho,et al.  Faunas mamalógicas do Neolítico antigo do Maciço Calcário Estremenho: análise preliminar de dados recentes , 2004 .

[31]  Agustín Diez Castillo,et al.  MAS D'IS (PENÀGUILA, ALICANTE): ALDEAS Y RECINTOS MONUMENTALES DEL NEOLÍTICO INICIAL EN EL VALLE DEL SERPIS MAS D'IS (PENÀGUILA, ALICANTE): FARMS AND EARLY NEOLITHIC CAUSEWAYED CAMPS IN THE SERPIS VALLEY , 2003 .

[32]  J. Cardoso,et al.  Estudo arqueozoológico dos restos de ungulados do povoado pré-histórico de Leceia (Oeiras) , 2002 .

[33]  J. Cardoso Pré-história de Portugal , 2002 .

[34]  S. Davis The mammals and birds from the Gruta do Caldeirão, Portugal , 2002 .

[35]  E. Móran Aproximación al estudio geo-arqueológico de Alcalar (Portimâo, Algarve, Portugal en el III milenio ANE: evidencias arqueológicas de la existencia de una sociedad clasista inicial , 2001 .

[36]  T. Price,et al.  Europe's First Farmers: Europe's first farmers: an introduction , 2000 .

[37]  J. Zilhão,et al.  From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic in the Iberian peninsula , 2000 .

[38]  V. S. Gonçalves O trigo, o cobre, a lã e o leite: um guia bibliográfico e uma introdução as sociedades camponesas da primeira metade do 3º milénio no centro e Sul de Portugal , 2000 .

[39]  S. Jorge Domesticating the land: the first agricultural communities in Portugal , 2000 .

[40]  M. Valente Análise preliminar da fauna mamalógica do Abrigo da Pena d'Água (Torres Novas): campanhas de 1992-1994 , 1998 .

[41]  J. Cardoso A preliminary catalogue of Holocene equids from the Iberian Peninsula , 1998 .

[42]  J. Costa,et al.  Biogeografia de Portugal Continental , 1998 .

[43]  J. Cardoso,et al.  Ocupação calcolítica do Monte do Castelo (Leceia, Oeiras) , 1996 .

[44]  J. Cardoso Os ídolos falange do povoado pré-histórico de Leceia (Oeiras) : estudo comparado , 1995 .

[45]  H. Uerpmann Domestication of the horse. When, where and why? , 1995 .

[46]  J. Cardoso Os restos de grandes mamíferos do povoado neolítico da Igreja de S. Jorge (Vila Verde de Ficalho) , 1994 .

[47]  J. Arnaud O povoado Calcolítico dre Porto Torrâo (Ferreira do Alentejo): síntese das investigacôes realizadas , 1993 .

[48]  J. Cardoso Contribuição para o conhecimento dos grandes mamíferos do Plistocénico Superior de Portugal , 1993 .

[49]  Orlando Ribeiro,et al.  Portugal, o Mediterrâneo e o Atlântico , 1993 .

[50]  J. L. Cardoso Le daim dans le Pléistocène du Portugal , 1989 .

[51]  Joel Serrão,et al.  Nova história de Portugal , 1987 .

[52]  Georg Leisner,et al.  Antas do Concelho de Reguengos de Monsaraz , 1985 .

[53]  I. Hodder,et al.  Pattern of the past : studies in honour of David Clarke , 1981 .

[54]  A. D. Paço Castro de Vila Nova de S. Pedro , 1959 .