New Developments in the Use of Spatial Technology in Archaeology

Spatial technology is integral to how archaeologists collect, store, analyze, and represent information in digital data sets. Recent advances have improved our ability to look for and identify archaeological remains and have increased the size and complexity of our data sets. In this review we outline trends in visualization, data management, archaeological prospecting, modeling, and spatial analysis, as well as key advances in hardware and software. Due to developments in education, information technology, and landscape archaeology, the implementation of spatial technology has begun to move beyond superficial applications and is no longer limited to environmental deterministic approaches. In the future, spatial technology will increasingly change archaeology in ways that will enable us to become better practitioners, scholars, and stewards.

[1]  Eric E. Jones.  Using Viewshed Analysis to Explore Settlement Choice: A Case Study of the Onondaga Iroquois , 2006, American Antiquity.

[2]  Dennis Ogburn,et al.  Assessing the level of visibility of cultural objects in past landscapes , 2006 .

[3]  Timothy S. Hare,et al.  Using measures of cost distance in the estimation of polity boundaries in the Postclassic Yautepec valley, Mexico , 2004 .

[4]  P. R. Williams,et al.  Sighting the apu: a GIS analysis of Wari imperialism and the worship of mountain peaks , 2006 .

[5]  Gary Lock,et al.  Using Computers in Archaeology: Towards Virtual Pasts , 2003 .

[6]  J. Kantner.  The Archaeology of Regions: From Discrete Analytical Toolkit to Ubiquitous Spatial Perspective , 2008 .

[7]  Konnie Wescott,et al.  Practical Applications of GIS for Archaeologists: A Predictive Modelling Toolkit , 1999 .

[8]  Keith W. Kintigh,et al.  The Promise and Challenge of Archaeological Data Integration , 2005, American Antiquity.

[9]  Mark D. McCoy.  The Development of the Kalaupapa Field System Moloka'I Island Hawai'i , 2005 .

[10]  Peter F. Fisher,et al.  An Exploration of Probable Viewsheds in Landscape Planning , 1995 .

[11]  M. Altaweel.  The use of ASTER satellite imagery in archaeological contexts , 2005 .

[12]  L. Meskell,et al.  A companion to social archaeology , 2007 .

[13]  Gary Lock,et al.  On the Theory and Practice of Archaeological Computing , 2000 .

[14]  Nectaria Diamanti,et al.  Integrated interpretation of geophysical data in the archaeological site of Europos (northern Greece) , 2005 .

[15]  T. Ke,et al.  STUDY OF HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING FOR ARCHAEOLOGY , 2005 .

[16]  Henry Chapman,et al.  Monitoring and Modelling Saturation as a Proxy Indicator for in situ Preservation in Wetlands—a GIS-based Approach , 2002 .

[17]  D. Yoerger,et al.  Iron Age Shipwrecks in Deep Water off Ashkelon, Israel , 2002, American Journal of Archaeology.

[18]  An automated approach to the analysis of the arrangement of post‐pits at Stanton Drew , 2005 .

[19]  Mara A. Mulrooney,et al.  Eight Million Points Per Day: Archaeological Implications of Laser Scanning and Three-Dimensional Modeling of Pu'ukohol Heiau, Hawai'i Island , 2005 .

[20]  H. Odah,et al.  Gradiometer survey to locate the ancient remains distributed to the northeast of the Zoser Pyramid, Saqqara, Giza, Egypt , 2005 .

[21]  Derrold W. Holcomb.  Imaging Radar and Archaeological Survey: An Example from the Gobi Desert of Southern Mongolia , 2001 .

[22]  Ian Johnson.  Contextualising Archaeological Information Through Interactive Maps , 2002 .

[23]  L. Conyers.  Ground-Penetrating Radar for Archaeology , 2004 .

[24]  Peter S. Ungar,et al.  Developing a Geographic Information System (GIS) for Mapping and Analysing Fossil Deposits at Swartkrans, Gauteng Province, South Africa , 2003 .

[25]  Timothy A. Kohler,et al.  Dynamics in human and primate societies: agent-based modeling of social and spatial processes , 2000 .

[26]  W. Weaver.  Ground‐penetrating radar mapping in clay: success from South Carolina, USA , 2006 .

[27]  J. Wiseman,et al.  Multispectral and synthetic aperture radar remote‐sensing‐based models for holocene coastline development in the Ambracian Gulf, Epirus, Greece , 2006 .

[28]  Steve Swanson,et al.  Documenting Prehistoric Communication Networks: A Case Study in the Paquimé Polity , 2003, American Antiquity.

[29]  Daniel E. Irwin,et al.  Putting Us on the Map: Remote Sensing Investigation of the Ancient Maya Landscape , 2006 .

[30]  M. Lahr,et al.  Assessment of the Southern Dispersal: GIS-Based Analyses of Potential Routes at Oxygen Isotopic Stage 4 , 2005 .

[31]  A. M. Michael,et al.  Irrigation, Theory and Practice , 1978 .

[32]  P. Dawson,et al.  Simulating the behaviour of light inside Arctic dwellings: implications for assessing the role of vision in task performance , 2007 .

[33]  R. Jeu,et al.  Sensible Field Computing: Evaluating the Use of Mobile GIS Methods in Scientific Fieldwork , 2007 .

[34]  A. Green,et al.  Combined seismic tomographic and ultrashallow seismic reflection study of an Early Dynastic mastaba, Saqqara, Egypt , 2005, Natural Science in Archaeology.

[35]  Thembi Russell.  The Spatial Analysis of Radiocarbon Databases: The spread of the first farmers in Europe and of the fat-tailed sheep in Southern Africa , 2004 .

[36]  Mark D. McCoy,et al.  Archaeological evidence for agricultural development in Kohala, Island of Hawai'i , 2003 .

[37]  Hiroyuki Kamei,et al.  Contribution of geophysics to outlining the foundation structure of the Islamic Museum, Cairo, Egypt , 2005 .

[38]  O. Bubenzer,et al.  A digital elevation model as a base for the reconstruction of Holocene land‐use potential in arid regions , 2006 .

[39]  T. Ladefoged,et al.  Variable Development of Dryland Agriculture in Hawaiʻi , 2008, Current Anthropology.

[40]  David L. Sallach.  Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent-Based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes Edited by Timothy A. Kohler and George J. Gumerman , 2001, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[41]  B. Stichelbaut.  The application of First World War aerial photography to archaeology : the Belgian images , 2006 .

[42]  M. Llobera,et al.  Extending GIS-based visual analysis: the concept of visualscapes , 2003, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[43]  Margaret S. Watters.  Geovisualization: an example from the Catholme Ceremonial Complex , 2006 .

[44]  R. Dalan.  A magnetic susceptibility logger for archaeological application , 2001 .

[45]  M. Fitzjohn.  Viewing places: GIS applications for examining the perception of space in the mountains of Sicily , 2007 .

[46]  W. Neubauer.  GIS in archaeology—the interface between prospection and excavation , 2004 .

[47]  René E. Chávez,et al.  Detection of possible archaeological pathways in central Mexico through digital processing of remote sensing images , 2005 .

[48]  R. Dalan.  A geophysical approach to buried site detection using down‐hole susceptibility and soil magnetic techniques , 2006 .

[49]  Shripad Tuljapurkar,et al.  Human Ecodynamics in the Hawaiian Ecosystem, from 1200-200 yr B.P. , 2007 .

[50]  Mark Lake,et al.  Visibility Studies in Archaeology: A Review and Case Study , 2003 .

[51]  Michael Ap Taylor,et al.  Archaeology without Squares: A Computerised System for Recording and Visualising the Excavation of a 19th Century Maori Village , 2005 .

[52]  G. Hart,et al.  Automated relief representation for visualisation of archaeological monuments and other anthropogenic forms , 2002 .

[53]  Michael F. Goodchild,et al.  Spatially integrated social science , 2004 .

[54]  Mark Gillings,et al.  Spatial Technology and Archaeology: The Archaeological Applications of GIS , 2002 .

[55]  M. Nelson,et al.  Archaeological and Ecological Perspectives on Reorganization: A Case Study from the Mimbres Region of the U.S. Southwest , 2006, American Antiquity.

[56]  M. Llobera.  Building Past Landscape Perception With GIS: Understanding Topographic Prominence , 2001 .

[57]  C W Marean,et al.  Estimating the Minimum Number of Skeletal Elements (MNE) in Zooarchaeology: A Review and a New Image-Analysis GIS Approach , 2001, American Antiquity.

[58]  LuAnn Wandsnider,et al.  Solving the Puzzle of the Archaeological Labyrinth: Time Perspectivism in Mediterranean Surface Archaeology , 2004 .

[59]  Kate Giles,et al.  Seeing and believing: visuality and space in pre-modern England , 2007 .

[60]  J. Leckebusch.  Precision real‐time positioning for fast geophysical prospection , 2005 .

[61]  D. Wheatley.  Spatial Technology and Archaeological Theory Revisited , 1996 .

[62]  C. French,et al.  Erosion modeling of past land‐use practices in the Fiume di Sotto di Troina river valley, north‐central Sicily , 2005 .

[63]  B. Bevan,et al.  Geophysical indicators of culturally emplaced soils and sediments , 2002 .

[64]  Christopher Morgan.  Reconstructing prehistoric hunter–gatherer foraging radii: a case study from California's southern Sierra Nevada , 2008 .

[65]  Paul Miller,et al.  Why metadata matters in archaeology , 1997 .

[66]  E. Jones.  Subsistence change, landscape use, and changing site elevation at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the Dordogne of southwestern France , 2007 .

[67]  P. Fisher.  First experiments in viewshed uncertainty : the accuracy of the viewshed area , 1991 .

[68]  David Bescoby,et al.  Detecting Roman land boundaries in aerial photographs using Radon transforms , 2006 .

[69]  Subir K. Banerjee,et al.  Soil magnetism, an approach for examining archaeological landscapes , 1996 .

[70]  William Rand,et al.  Spatial process and data models: Toward integration of agent-based models and GIS , 2005, J. Geogr. Syst..

[71]  G. A. Clark,et al.  6 – Quantifying Archaeological Research , 1982 .

[72]  Curtis W. Marean,et al.  The Analysis of Cutmarks on Archaeofauna: A Review and Critique of Quantification Procedures, and a New Image-Analysis GIS Approach , 2002, American Antiquity.

[73]  Dean Goodman,et al.  Ground-Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists , 1997 .

[74]  R. Bewley.  Aerial survey for archaeology , 2003 .

[75]  W. Gartner.  Late woodland landscapes of Wisconsin: ridged fields, effigy mounds and territoriality , 1999, Antiquity.

[76]  Gary Fry,et al.  Locating archaeological sites in the landscape: a hierarchical approach based on landscape indicators , 2004 .

[77]  Michel Fortin,et al.  3D geometrical modeling of excavation units at the archaeological site of Tell ‘Acharneh (Syria) , 2007 .

[78]  M. Macklin,et al.  A generic geomorphological approach to archaeological interpretation and prospection in British river valleys: a guide for archaeologists investigating Holocene landscapes , 1999, Antiquity.

[79]  C. Michael Barton,et al.  Dynamic landscapes, artifact taphonomy, and landuse modeling in the western Mediterranean , 2002 .

[80]  Rosa Lasaponara,et al.  Satellite-based recognition of landscape archaeological features related to ancient human transformation , 2006 .

[81]  Ian N. Gregory,et al.  Error‐sensitive historical GIS: Identifying areal interpolation errors in time‐series data , 2006, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[83]  N. Papadopoulos,et al.  Contribution of multiplexed electrical resistance and magnetic techniques to the archaeological investigations at Poros, Greece , 2006 .

[84]  T. van der Schriek,et al.  Enhancing the evaluation and management of river valley archaeology; geoarchaeology in the Till–Tweed catchment, northern England , 2006 .

[85]  Anthony Clark,et al.  Seeing Beneath the Soil , 1990 .

[86]  Wolfgang Neubauer,et al.  Images of the invisible-prospection methods for the documentation of threatened archaeological sites , 2001, Naturwissenschaften.

[87]  Shannon P. McPherron,et al.  Additional statistical and graphical methods for analyzing artifact orientations and site formation processes from total station proveniences , 2005 .

[88]  M. Fowler,et al.  Detection of archaeological crop marks on declassified CORONA KH‐4B intelligence satellite photography of Southern England , 2005 .

[89]  LuAnn Wandsnider,et al.  Temporal Scales and Archaeological Landscapes from the Eastern Desert of Australia and Intermontane North America , 2006 .

[90]  Dominic Powlesland,et al.  Beneath the sand—remote sensing, archaeology, aggregates and sustainability: a case study from Heslerton, the Vale of Pickering, North Yorkshire, UK , 2006 .

[91]  Fang Qiu,et al.  Expediting and standardizing stone artifact refitting using a computerized suitability model , 2006 .

[93]  M. Lake,et al.  Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology , 2006 .

[94]  N. Papadopoulos,et al.  Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional resistivity imaging in archaeological site investigation , 2006 .

[95]  P. Spikins,et al.  GIS Models of Past Vegetation: An Example from Northern England, 10,000–5000 BP , 2000 .

[96]  Mark Lake,et al.  Tailoring GIS Software for Archaeological Applications: An example concerning Viewshed Analysis , 1998 .

[97]  J. Snead.  Ancestral Pueblo trails and the cultural landscape of the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico , 2002, Antiquity.

[98]  Taphonomic interpretation of the Developed Oldowan site of Garba IV (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia) through a GIS application , 2002 .

[99]  F. El-Baz,et al.  Remote sensing in archaeology , 2007 .

[100]  A. M. Pollard,et al.  Handbook of archaeological sciences , 2001 .

[101]  C. Gaffney,et al.  Geophysical surveys at King Lobengula's Palace KoBulawayo, Zimbabwe , 2005 .

[102]  Gary Lock,et al.  Confronting scale in archaeology : issues of theory and practice , 2006 .

[103]  Peter F. Fisher,et al.  Improved Modeling of Elevation Error with Geostatistics , 1998, GeoInformatica.

[104]  Results of the magnetic survey at Deir al‐Barsha, Egypt , 2006 .

[105]  D. S. Webster.  The concept of affordance and GIS: a note on Llobera (1996) , 1999, Antiquity.

[106]  Michelle Elliott.  Evaluating evidence for warfare and environmental stress in settlement pattern data from the Malpaso valley, Zacatecas, Mexico , 2005 .

[107]  Andrew Fleming,et al.  Post-processual Landscape Archaeology: a Critique , 2006 .

[108]  M. Gillings,et al.  Seeing is perceiving? , 2007 .

[109]  Kenneth L. Kvamme.  Recent directions and developments in geographical information systems , 1999 .

[110]  Peter Whitridge.  Landscapes, Houses, Bodies, Things: “Place” and the Archaeology of Inuit Imaginaries , 2004 .

[111]  Maurizio Fedi,et al.  Magnetic survey at the submerged archaeological site of Baia, Naples, southern Italy , 2005 .

[112]  Mark Gillings,et al.  The Real, the Virtually Real, and the Hyperreal: The Role of VR in Archaeology , 2005 .

[113]  J. Andresen.  Automated Archaeological Feature Extraction from Digital Aerial Photographs , 1993 .

[114]  R. Lasaponara,et al.  Detection of archaeological crop marks by using satellite QuickBird multispectral imagery , 2007 .

[115]  J. Pickles.  Ground truth : the social implications of geographic information systems , 1995 .

[116]  Gordon R. J. Cooper,et al.  Analysing potential field data using visibility , 2005, Comput. Geosci..

[117]  Britton L. Shepardson.  The role of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) statuary as territorial boundary markers , 2005 .

[118]  Chantal Conneller,et al.  GIS based interpolation applied to distinguishing occupation phases of early prehistoric sites , 2002 .

[119]  David Taylor,et al.  Modeling environmental influences on the locations of Irish early medieval ringforts , 2006 .

[120]  P. Fowler.  A limestone landscape from the air: le Causse Méjean, Languedoc, France , 1999, Antiquity.

[121]  Mark Gahegan,et al.  Cybertools and Archaeology , 2006, Science.

[122]  J. Matthews,et al.  Holocene solifluction, climate variation and fire in a subarctic landscape at Pippokangas, Finnish Lapland, based on radiocarbon‐dated buried charcoal , 2005 .

[123]  Robert D. Drennan,et al.  Communities, Settlements, Sites, and Surveys: Regional-Scale Analysis of Prehistoric Human Interaction , 2005, American Antiquity.

[124]  A. Clark,et al.  Seeing Beneath the Soil: Prospecting Methods in Archaeology , 1992 .

[125]  S. Prince,et al.  LiDAR for Archaeological Landscape Analysis: A Case Study of Two Eighteenth-Century Maryland Plantation Sites , 2006, American Antiquity.

[126]  Christoph P. E. Zollikofer,et al.  Virtual Reconstruction: A Primer in Computer-Assisted Paleontology and Biomedicine , 2005 .

[127]  I. Gregory,et al.  The Great Britain Historical GIS Project: From Maps to Changing Human Geography , 2002 .

[128]  A. Cliff,et al.  The potential of airborne lidar for detection of archaeological features under woodland canopies , 2005, Antiquity.

[129]  Thomas Evan.  Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory , 2004 .

[130]  W. Murphy,et al.  Geomorphic Mapping Enhances Cultural Resource Management at the U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona, USA , 2002 .

[131]  David A. Bennett,et al.  Construction of Digital Elevation Models for Archaeological Applications , 1999 .

[132]  G. Feinman.  Defining a contemporary landscape approach: concluding thoughts , 1999, Antiquity.

[133]  Stephanie Moser,et al.  Envisioning the past : archaeology and the image , 2005 .

[134]  K. Kvamme.  There and Back Again: Revisiting Archaeological Locational Modeling , 2005 .

[135]  Zarine P. Kemp,et al.  Innovations in GIS 4 , 1997 .

[136]  Aerial archaeology: a full digital workflow for aerial photography , 2005 .

[137]  Kenneth L. Kvamme,et al.  Geophysical Surveys as Landscape Archaeology , 2003, American Antiquity.

[138]  Ralph Fyfe,et al.  GIS and the application of a model of pollen deposition and dispersal : a new approach to testing landscape hypotheses using the POLLANDCAL models , 2006 .

[139]  H. Wobst.  Artifacts as Social Interference: The Politics of Spatial Scale , 2006 .

[140]  Armin Schmidt.  Remote Sensing and Geophysical Prospection , 2004 .

[141]  C. Marean,et al.  Edge damage distribution at the assemblage level on Middle Stone Age lithics: an image-based GIS approach , 2007 .

[142]  Simon Crutchley,et al.  Light detection and ranging (lidar) in the Witham Valley, Lincolnshire: an assessment of new remote sensing techniques , 2006 .

[143]  Kenneth L. Kvamme,et al.  Robotic total station for microtopographic mapping: an example from the Northern Great Plains , 2006 .

[144]  Wolfgang Neubauer,et al.  3D LASER SCANNERS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS , 2005 .

[145]  Ben Ford,et al.  Down by the Water's Edge: Modelling Shipyard Locations in Maryland, USA , 2007 .

[146]  T. Taylor.  Aspects of settlement diversity and its classification in Southeast Europe before the Roman period , 1987 .

[147]  David Ebert.  Applications of Archaeological GIS , 2004 .

[148]  M. Bandy.  Fissioning, Scalar Stress, and Social Evolution in Early Village Societies , 2004 .

[149]  Timothy A. Kohler,et al.  The model-based archaeology of socionatural systems , 2007 .

[150]  Thomas J. Green,et al.  Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An Explicitly North American Perspective , 2006 .

[151]  M. Aldenderfer,et al.  Anthropology, Space, and Geographic Information Systems , 2000 .

[152]  Julian D. Richards,et al.  Recent Trends in Computer Applications in Archaeology , 1998 .

[153]  Identification and removal of above‐ground spurious signals in GPR archaeological prospecting , 2005 .

[154]  Patrick Daly,et al.  ELECTRONIC PUBLICATION IN ARCHAEOLOGY , 2004 .

[155]  G. Lock,et al.  Beyond the map : archaeology and spatial technologies , 2000 .

[156]  W. Fredrick Limp.  Geographic Information Systems in Historic Preservation , 1999, Arch. Mus. Informatics.

[157]  B. Bender.  Subverting the Western Gaze: mapping alternative worlds , 2003 .

[158]  D. J. Meltzer,et al.  On Bonfire Shelter (Texas) as a Paleoindian Bison Jump: An Assessment Using GIS and Zooarchaeology , 2005, American Antiquity.

[159]  A. Bevan,et al.  GIS, Archaeological Survey, and Landscape Archaeology on the Island of Kythera, Greece , 2002 .

[160]  Marcos Llobera,et al.  Reconstructing visual landscapes , 2007 .

[161]  A. Sarris,et al.  Detection of exposed and subsurface archaeological remains using multi-sensor remote sensing , 2007 .

[162]  Meghan C. L. Howey.  Using multi-criteria cost surface analysis to explore past regional landscapes: a case study of ritual activity and social interaction in Michigan, AD 1200–1600 , 2007 .

[163]  Jeffery J. Clark,et al.  Prehistoric Demography in the Southwest: Migration, Coalescence, and Hohokam Population Decline , 2004, American Antiquity.

[164]  D. Chianese,et al.  Multidisciplinary investigations on the Roman aqueduct of Grumentum (Basilicata, Southern Italy) , 2004 .

[165]  B. Devereux,et al.  Woodland vegetation and its implications for archaeological survey using LiDAR , 2007 .

[166]  Geoffrey Jones,et al.  Lightning‐induced magnetic anomalies on archaeological sites , 2005 .

[167]  V. D. Laet,et al.  Methods for the extraction of archaeological features from very high-resolution Ikonos-2 remote sensing imagery, Hisar (southwest Turkey) , 2007 .

[168]  Sabry F. El-Hakim,et al.  1 DETAILED 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF MONUMENTS USING MULTIPLE TECHNIQUES , 2002 .

[169]  Timothy Matney,et al.  Archaeological site distribution by geomorphic setting in the southern lower Cuyahoga River Valley, northeastern Ohio: Initial observations from a GIS database , 2004 .

[170]  David G. Anderson,et al.  Palaeoindian artefact distributions: evidence and implications , 2000, Antiquity.

[171]  Jeremy Huggett,et al.  Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology 1993 , 1995 .

[172]  P. Howard.  Archaeological Surveying and Mapping: Recording and Depicting the Landscape , 2006 .

[173]  C. French.  Geoarchaeology in Action: Studies in Soil Micromorphology and Landscape Evolution , 2002 .

[174]  Antonio M. Montufo.  The use of satellite imagery and digital image processing in landscape archaeology. A case study from the island of Mallorca, Spain , 1997 .

[175]  James Ebert,et al.  The State of the Art in "Inductive" Predictive Modeling: Seven Big Mistakes (and Lots of Smaller Ones) , 1999 .

[176]  Marcie L. Venter,et al.  Integrating shallow geophysical survey: archaeological investigations at Totógal in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México , 2006 .

[177]  T. Ladefoged,et al.  Evolutionary Theory and the Historical Development of Dry-Land Agriculture in North Kohala, Hawai'i , 2000, American Antiquity.

[178]  Zoran Stancic,et al.  Archaeology and geographical information systems : a European perspective , 1997 .

[179]  Joseph P. Fenwick,et al.  Geophysical investigations at the ancient royal site of Rathcroghan, County Roscommon, Ireland , 2005 .

[180]  C. Briault.  Making mountains out of molehills in the Bronze Age Aegean: visibility, ritual kits, and the idea of a peak sanctuary , 2007 .

[181]  Markos Katsianis,et al.  A 3D digital workflow for archaeological intra-site research using GIS , 2008 .

[182]  Kenneth L. Kvamme,et al.  Integrating multidimensional geophysical data , 2006 .

[183]  P. F. Fischer,et al.  First experiments in viewshed uncertainty : simulating fuzzy viewsheds , 1992 .

[184]  P. Kirch.  Hawaii as a Model System for Human Ecodynamics , 2007 .

[185]  S. Hensley,et al.  A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[186]  S. Crutchley,et al.  New light on an ancient landscape: lidar survey in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site , 2005, Antiquity.

[187]  E. Wells,et al.  Peopling Landscapes between Villages in the Middle Gila River Valley of Central Arizona , 2004, American Antiquity.

[188]  Tommy Ike Hailey.  The powered parachute as an archaeological aerial reconnaissance vehicle , 2005 .

[189]  P. Agouris,et al.  Coastal Change and Beach Ridges along the Northwest Coast of Peru: Image and GIS Analysis of the Chira, Piura, and Colán Beach-Ridge Plains , 2004 .

[190]  M. Gillings,et al.  Sensuous and reflexive GIS: exploring visualisation and VRML , 1996 .

[191]  D. Maki,et al.  Thermally activated mineralogical transformations in archaeological hearths: inversion from maghemite γFe2O4 phase to haematite αFe2O4 form , 2006 .

[192]  Craig M. Lee,et al.  The Emerging Archaeology of Glaciers and Ice Patches: Examples from Alaska's Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve , 2005, American Antiquity.

[193]  M. Galaty.  European Regional Studies: A Coming of Age? , 2005 .

[194]  Strategic Location and Territorial Integrity: The Role of Subsidiary Sites in the Classic Maya Kingdoms of the Upper Usumacinta Region , 2006 .

[195]  Mike Baxter,et al.  The archaeological use of kernel density estimates , 1996 .

[196]  T. Ladefoged,et al.  Modeling life expectancy and surplus production of dynamic pre-contact territories in leeward Kohala, Hawai'i , 2008 .

[197]  Richard D. Periman.  Modeling landscapes and past vegetation patterns of New Mexico's Rio del Oso Valley , 2005 .

[198]  Holley Moyes,et al.  Multivariate visualization and analysis of photomapped artifact scatters , 2006 .

[199]  Henry Chapman,et al.  High-Resolution Wetland Prospection, using GPS and GIS: Landscape Studies at Sutton Common (South Yorkshire), and Meare Village East (Somerset) , 2001 .

[200]  A. Aspinall,et al.  Experiments with the square array , 2005 .

[201]  Michael Leitner,et al.  The Application of Geographic Information Systems and Spatial Analysis to Assess Dumped and Subsequently Scattered Human Remains * , 2006, Journal of forensic sciences.

[202]  K. Kvamme,et al.  The "Big House" At Whistling Elk Village (39HU242): Geophysical Findings and Archaeological Truths , 2002 .

[203]  J. Field.  Land tenure, competition and ecology in Fijian prehistory , 2005, Antiquity.

[204]  M. Loke,et al.  A resistivity survey of a burial mound in the ‘Valley of the Thracian Kings’ , 2006 .

[205]  R. Bradley.  An archaeology of natural places , 2000 .

[206]  Geoffrey Jones,et al.  Geophysical Survey as an Approach to the Ephemeral Campsite Problem: Case Studies from the Northern Plains , 2005 .

[207]  David Clark,et al.  Viewing the liturgy: a space syntax study of changing visibility and accessibility in the development of the Byzantine church in Jordan , 2007 .

[208]  David G. Anderson,et al.  Paleoindian Colonization of the Americas: Implications from an Examination of Physiography, Demography, and Artifact Distribution , 2000, American Antiquity.

[209]  Mark D. McCoy.  Hawaiian Limpet Harvesting in Historical Perspective: A Review of Modern and Archaeological Data on Cellana spp. from the Kalaupapa Peninsula, Moloka‘i Island1 , 2017 .

[210]  K. J. Hughes.  Persistent features from a palaeo-landscape : the ancient tracks of the Maltese Islands , 1999 .

[211]  Dimitrij Mlekuz,et al.  Listening to the Landscapes: Modelling Soundscapes in GIS , 2004 .

[212]  Arthur S. Keene,et al.  Archaeological hammers and theories , 1983 .

[213]  Matthew P. Purtill,et al.  Economic and Land-Use Implications of Prehistoric Fire-Cracked-Rock Piles, Northern Arizona , 2001 .

[214]  C. Lipo,et al.  Mapping prehistoric statue roads on Easter Island , 2005, Antiquity.

[215]  Konnie L. Wescott,et al.  GIS and archaeological site location modeling , 2005 .

[216]  Mark D. McCoy,et al.  Wind erosion and intensive prehistoric agriculture: A case study from the Kalaupapa field system, Moloka'i Island, Hawai'i , 2007 .

[217]  I. Gregory,et al.  Breaking the boundaries: geographical approaches to integrating 200 years of the census , 2005 .

[218]  Stephen Shennan,et al.  Archaeobotanical Evidence for the Spread of Farming in the Eastern Mediterranean1 , 2004, Current Anthropology.

[219]  A. Stephenson,et al.  Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists , 1984 .

[220]  Chris Gaffney,et al.  Revealing the Buried Past: Geophysics for Archaeologists , 2003 .

[221]  K. Challis,et al.  Corona Remotely-Sensed Imagery in Dryland Archaeology: The Islamic City of al-Raqqa, Syria , 2002 .

[222]  S. Winterbottom,et al.  From abstract digital models to rich virtual environments: landscape contexts in Kilmartin Glen, Scotland , 2006 .

[223]  Geoff Bailey,et al.  Time perspectives, palimpsests and the archaeology of time , 2007 .

[224]  Harry M. Jol,et al.  Ground Penetrating Radar in Sediments , 2003 .

[225]  Ian N. Gregory,et al.  Analyzing Spatiotemporal Change by Use of National Historical Geographical Information Systems: Population Change during and after the Great Irish Famine , 2005 .

[226]  Rashmin Gunasekera.  Use of GIS for environmental impact assessment: an interdisciplinary approach , 2004 .

[227]  Joseph E. Buckles,et al.  Reconstruction of prehistoric Lake Cahuilla in the Salton Sea Basin using GIS and GPS , 2002, Hydrobiologia.

[228]  Dean Goodman,et al.  Correcting for topography and the tilt of ground‐penetrating radar antennae , 2006 .

[229]  José M. Carcione,et al.  Ground‐penetrating radar and geo‐electrical simulations of data from the Floridablanca archaeological site , 2005 .

[230]  S. Winterbottom,et al.  Airborne multi‐spectral prospection for buried archaeology in mobile sand dominated systems , 2005 .

[231]  David Wheatley,et al.  Making space for an archaeology of place , 2004 .

[232]  J. B. Hill,et al.  Land Use and an Archaeological Perspective on Socio-Natural Studies in the Wadi Al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan , 2004, American Antiquity.

[233]  M. Grealy.  Resolution of ground‐penetrating radar reflections at differing frequencies , 2006 .

[234]  Keith Challis,et al.  A review of trends within archaeological remote sensing in alluvial environments , 2006 .

[235]  Antony G. Brown,et al.  Predictive modelling of multiperiod geoarchaeological resources at a river confluence: a case study from the Trent–Soar, UK , 2006 .

[236]  Kurt F. Anschuetz,et al.  An Archaeology of Landscapes: Perspectives and Directions , 2001 .

[237]  Stanton W. Green,et al.  Interpreting Space: GIS and Archaeology , 1990 .

[238]  E. Bowen.  The Big House , 1940 .

[239]  Justin Jennings,et al.  Politywide Analysis and Imperial Political Economy: The Relationship between Valley Political Complexity and Administrative Centers in the Wari Empire of the Central Andes , 2001 .

[240]  Lawrence B. Conyers,et al.  Innovative ground‐penetrating radar methods for archaeological mapping , 2006 .

[241]  K. Ryavec.  Land use/cover change in central Tibet, c. 1830-1990: devising a GIS methodology to study a historical Tibetan land decree , 2001 .

[242]  I. Hodder.  Archaeology and global information systems , 1999 .

[243]  K. Challis.  Airborne laser altimetry in alluviated landscapes , 2006 .

[244]  R. Marchant,et al.  Vegetation disturbance and human population in Colombia – a regional reconstruction , 2004, Antiquity.

[245]  Arthur S. Keene,et al.  Archaeology and the Law of the Hammer , 1983 .

[246]  H. Matthiesen,et al.  The use of radiography and GIS to assess the deterioration of archaeological iron objects from a water logged environment , 2004 .

[247]  Y. Hayakawa,et al.  Rapid On-site Topographic Mapping with a Handheld Laser Range Finder for a Geoarchaeological Survey in Syria , 2007 .

[248]  R. Lasaponara,et al.  Investigating the spectral capability of QuickBird data to detect archaeological remains buried under vegetated and not vegetated areas , 2007 .

[249]  R. Křivánek.  Magnetometric prospection of various types of large ditched enclosures in Bohemia , 2006 .

[250]  Rosa Lasaponara,et al.  Identification of archaeological buried remains based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from Quickbird satellite data , 2006, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

[251]  Mark D. McCoy.  A Revised Late Holocene Culture History for Moloka'i Island, Hawai'i , 2007, Radiocarbon.