Emerging Technologies for the Production of In Vitro Raised Quality Rich Swertia chirayita by Using LED Lights

The major bioactive compounds in S. chirayita are amarogentin (most bitter compound) and mangiferin, which contribute to its medicinal value due to its antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial and antimalarial properties. In this study, we developed a light emitting diode (LED)–based culture setup as an alternative to the existing white fluorescent lamps (WFL) used as a light source in the tissue culture conditions of the plants. The in-vitro raised plants of S. chirayita cultivated under LED lights showed a higher accumulation of shoot biomass and secondary metabolites as compared with plants growing under WFL. In the LED lights experiment, red LED accounted forthe maximum biomass accumulation (3.56 ± 0.04 g L−1), and blue LED accounted for the accumulated maximum content of amarogentin (8.025 ± 0.04 µg mg−1 DW), total phenolics (22.33 ± 1.05 mg GA g−1 DW), total flavonoids (29 ± 1.03 mg QE g−1 DW) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (50.40 ± 0.16%) in comparison with other light conditions. From the findings, we propose LED lightning as a more sustainable, eco-friendly and reliable source for the enormous production of quality rich secondary metabolites in shoot cultures of S. chirayita than the traditionally used fluorescent lights.

[1]  S. Saxena,et al.  Influence of light quality on growth, secondary metabolites production and antioxidant activity in callus culture of Rhodiola imbricata Edgew. , 2018, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[2]  R. Julkunen‐Tiitto,et al.  New Light for Phytochemicals. , 2018, Trends in biotechnology.

[3]  S. Dutta Gupta,et al.  Machine vision based evaluation of impact of light emitting diodes (LEDs) on shoot regeneration and the effect of spectral quality on phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in Swertia chirata. , 2017, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[4]  F. G. Silva,et al.  Impact of light quality on flavonoid production and growth of Hyptis marrubioides seedlings cultivated in vitro , 2017 .

[5]  H. Ekiert,et al.  Influence of Culture Medium Composition and Light Conditions on the Accumulation of Bioactive Compounds in Shoot Cultures of Scutellaria lateriflora L. (American Skullcap) Grown In Vitro , 2017, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.

[6]  D. Jacobs,et al.  Effect of Differential Light Quality on Morphology, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Camptotheca acuminata Seedlings , 2017, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation.

[7]  A. Szopa,et al.  The importance of applied light quality on the production of lignans and phenolic acids in Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. cultures in vitro , 2016, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC).

[8]  J. van Staden,et al.  A Review of Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) as a Traditional Medicinal Plant , 2016, Front. Pharmacol..

[9]  K. Taulavuori,et al.  Species-specific differences in synthesis of flavonoids and phenolic acids under increasing periods of enhanced blue light , 2016 .

[10]  A. Rab,et al.  Light-induced biochemical variations in secondary metabolite production and antioxidant activity in callus cultures of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert). , 2016, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[11]  B. K. Pradhan,et al.  Swertia chirayta, a Threatened High-Value Medicinal Herb: Microhabitats and Conservation Challenges in Sikkim Himalaya, India , 2015 .

[12]  Fereidoon Shahidi,et al.  Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects – A review , 2015 .

[13]  C. Martino,et al.  Blue-light dependent reactive oxygen species formation by Arabidopsis cryptochrome may define a novel evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism. , 2015, The New phytologist.

[14]  Byoung Ryong Jeong,et al.  Blue LED light enhances growth, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities of Rehmannia glutinosa cultured in vitro , 2015, Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology.

[15]  Bernhard Roth,et al.  LEDs for Energy Efficient Greenhouse Lighting , 2014, 1406.3016.

[16]  M. Sabzalian,et al.  Photosynthesis under artificial light: the shift in primary and secondary metabolism , 2014, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[17]  B. Abbasi,et al.  Morphogenic and biochemical variations under different spectral lights in callus cultures of Artemisia absinthium L. , 2014, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[18]  T. Manivasagam,et al.  Mangiferin attenuates MPTP induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and improves motor impairment, redox balance and Bcl-2/Bax expression in experimental Parkinson's disease mice. , 2013, Chemico-biological interactions.

[19]  R. Goyal,et al.  Anti‐diabetic Activity of Swertiamarin is due to an Active Metabolite, Gentianine, that Upregulates PPAR‐γ Gene Expression in 3T3‐L1 cells , 2013, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[20]  P. Jha,et al.  Phenolic‐Linked Biochemical Rationale for the Anti‐Diabetic Properties of Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) Karst. , 2013, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[21]  H. Sood,et al.  In Vitro Production and Efficient Quantification of Major Phytopharmaceuticals in an Endangered Medicinal Herb , Swertiachirata , 2013 .

[22]  Sukta Das,et al.  Prevention of liver carcinogenesis by amarogentin through modulation of G1/S cell cycle check point and induction of apoptosis. , 2012, Carcinogenesis.

[23]  M. Behmanesh,et al.  The effect of light on gene expression and podophyllotoxin biosynthesis in Linum album cell culture. , 2012, Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB.

[24]  Youwei Wang,et al.  In vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects of the ethanolic extract of Swertia chirayita. , 2011, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[25]  R. Singh,et al.  Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay , 2011, Journal of food science and technology.

[26]  M. Clifford,et al.  Dietary phenolics: chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health. , 2009, Natural product reports.

[27]  R. Morrow.  LED Lighting in Horticulture , 2008 .

[28]  Cary A. Mitchell,et al.  Plant Productivity in Response to LED Lighting , 2008 .

[29]  M. Lefsrud,et al.  Irradiance from Distinct Wavelength Light-emitting Diodes Affect Secondary Metabolites in Kale , 2008 .

[30]  M. Ebrahimzadeh,et al.  IRON CHELATING ACTIVITY, PHENOL AND FLAVONOID CONTENT OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM IRAN , 2008 .

[31]  A. Vercesi,et al.  Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and its main polyphenol mangiferin prevent mitochondrial oxidative stress in atherosclerosis-prone hypercholesterolemic mouse. , 2008, Pharmacological research.

[32]  S. N. Uddin,et al.  Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Calotropis procera Linn. , 2008 .

[33]  I. Kataoka,et al.  Effect of red- and blue-light-emitting diodes on growth and morphogenesis of grapes , 2008, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[34]  Hui Shen,et al.  Phytochrome Interacting Factors: central players in phytochrome-mediated light signaling networks. , 2007, Trends in plant science.

[35]  D. Burritt,et al.  Light quality influences adventitious shoot production from cotyledon explants of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) , 2004, In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant.

[36]  Sukta Das,et al.  Amarogentin can reduce hyperproliferation by downregulation of Cox-II and upregulation of apoptosis in mouse skin carcinogenesis model. , 2006, Cancer letters.

[37]  R. Rawal,et al.  Ecological features of a critically rare medicinal plant, Swertia chirayita, in Himalaya , 2006 .

[38]  Kalyana Sundram,et al.  Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses , 2006 .

[39]  E. Schettini.  LIGHTING EQUIPMENT FOR A CROP GROWING SYSTEM IN MICROGRAVITY CONDITIONS FOR SPACE MISSION , 2005 .

[40]  Nicholas Smirnoff,et al.  Antioxidants and reactive oxygen species in plants , 2005 .

[41]  Kee-Yoeup Paek,et al.  Ginsenoside production by hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng: influence of temperature and light quality , 2005 .

[42]  Yong-Hua Yang,et al.  Effect of Light on Gene Expression and Shikonin Formation in Cultured Onosma Paniculatum Cells , 2005, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[43]  Joseph Rafter,et al.  Health promotion by flavonoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and other phenols: direct or indirect effects? Antioxidant or not? , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[44]  Maoyin Li,et al.  Optimization of growth and jaceosidin production in callus and cell suspension cultures of Saussurea medusa , 2001, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[45]  Hao Zhang,et al.  Improved growth of Artemisia annua L hairy roots and artemisinin production under red light conditions , 2001, Biotechnology Letters.

[46]  D. Gibson,et al.  Media optimization for maximum biomass production in cell cultures of pacific yew , 1995, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[47]  Bhushan Patwardhan,et al.  Molecular markers in herbal drug technology , 2004 .

[48]  J. Ouyang,et al.  Light intensity and spectral quality influencing the callus growth of Cistanche deserticola and biosynthesis of phenylethanoid glycosides , 2003 .

[49]  Dae-Ok Kim,et al.  Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums , 2003 .

[50]  C. Fankhauser,et al.  Phytochrome-hormonal signalling networks. , 2003, The New phytologist.

[51]  W. Bors,et al.  Flavonoid antioxidants: rate constants for reactions with oxygen radicals. , 1994, Methods in enzymology.

[52]  Takashi Matsumoto,et al.  Some Factors Affecting the Anthocyanin Formation by Populus Cells in Suspension Culture , 1973 .

[53]  F. Skoog,et al.  A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures , 1962 .

[54]  Henry Trimen,et al.  Medicinal plants : being descriptions with original figures of the principal plants employed in medicine and an account of the characters, properties and uses of their parts and products of medicinal value , 1880 .