Analysis of Effect for Single-Case Design Research

Single-case design (SCD) research is an experimental approach for analysis of an effect between an independent variable and dependent variable. Traditionally, analysis of effect for SCD has relied on visual analysis, an approach whereby a trained observer analyzes a visual display of the data. Recent advances in statistical approaches have been forwarded for SCD research in the literature to assist in the interpretation of intervention effects. This review outlines the logic of SCD and describes the varied approaches for the analysis of effect in SCD research.

[1]  T Kratochwill,et al.  A further consideration in the application of an analysis-of-variance model for the intrasubject replication design. , 1974, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[2]  A. Repp,et al.  Reinforcement-Based Reductive Procedures: A Review of 20 Years of their Use with Persons with Severe or Profound Retardation , 1990 .

[3]  D. Gast,et al.  Single Subject Research in Special Education , 1984 .

[4]  D P Hartmann,et al.  Interrupted time-series analysis and its application to behavioral data. , 1980, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[5]  Richard I. Parker,et al.  Evaluating Single-Case Research Data: A Comparison of Seven Statistical Methods , 2003 .

[6]  Robert H. Horner,et al.  Single-Case Designs Technical Documentation. , 2010 .

[7]  R. Kirk.  Practical Significance: A Concept Whose Time Has Come , 1996 .

[8]  P. Onghena,et al.  Hierarchical linear models for the quantitative integration of effect sizes in single-case research , 2003, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[9]  D. Cochrane,et al.  Application of Least Squares Regression to Relationships Containing Auto-Correlated Error Terms , 1949 .

[10]  Thomas E. Scruggs,et al.  How to Summarize Single-Participant Research: Ideas and Applications , 2001, The Meta-Analysis Research in Special Education.

[11]  Bradley E. Huitema,et al.  Autocorrelation in applied behavior analysis: A myth. , 1985 .

[12]  S C Hayes,et al.  The technical drift of applied behavior analysis. , 1980, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[13]  J Crosbie,et al.  Statistical inference in behavior analysis: Useful friend , 1999, The Behavior analyst.

[14]  Scott L. Hershberger,et al.  Meta-analysis of single-case designs , 1999 .

[15]  Alan E. Kazdin,et al.  Single-Case Research Designs: Methods for Clinical and Applied Settings , 2010 .

[16]  Harris Cooper,et al.  Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis: A Step-by-Step Approach , 2009 .

[17]  M Perone,et al.  Statistical inference in behavior analysis: Experimental control is better , 1999, The Behavior analyst.

[18]  Thomas R. Kratochwill,et al.  Single-Case Research Design and Analysis: An Overview , 2015 .

[19]  Matyas and Greenwood.  Serial Dependency in Single-Case Time Series , 2014 .

[20]  E. Edgington.  Statistical inference from N--1 experiments. , 1967, The Journal of psychology.

[21]  Bradley E. Huitema.  Analysis of Interrupted Time-Series Experiments Using ITSE: A Critique , 2004 .

[22]  Joel R. Levin.  Single-Case Research Design and Analysis: Comments and Concerns , 2015 .

[23]  W W Tryon,et al.  A simplified time-series analysis for evaluating treatment interventions. , 1982, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[24]  S. R. Mathur,et al.  Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders , 2004 .

[25]  David Rindskopf,et al.  Methods for evidence‐based practice: Quantitative synthesis of single‐subject designs , 2007 .

[26]  Kimberly J. Vannest,et al.  Combining nonoverlap and trend for single-case research: Tau-U. , 2011, Behavior therapy.

[27]  M Davison,et al.  Statistical inference in behavior analysis: Having my cake and eating it? , 1999, The Behavior analyst.

[28]  A. Deprospero,et al.  Inconsistent visual analyses of intrasubject data. , 1979, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[29]  Sylwia Męcfal.  Recenzja książki. Robert K. yin, Case Study Research. Design and Methods (fourth Edition), thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2009 , 2012 .

[30]  B. Gorman,et al.  Design and Analysis of Single-Case Research , 1996 .

[31]  Kimberly J. Vannest,et al.  The Improvement Rate Difference for Single-Case Research , 2009 .

[32]  D M Baer,et al.  Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. , 1968, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[33]  Kimberly J. Vannest,et al.  An improved effect size for single-case research: nonoverlap of all pairs. , 2009, Behavior therapy.

[34]  Ann Casey,et al.  A Methodology for the Quantitative Synthesis of Intra-Subject Design Research , 1985 .

[35]  M. Wolery,et al.  The Use of Single-Subject Research to Identify Evidence-Based Practice in Special Education , 2005 .

[36]  Melody Tankersley,et al.  Using Single-Subject Research to Establish the Evidence Base of Special Education , 2008 .

[37]  Jonathan M. Campbell.  Statistical Comparison of Four Effect Sizes for Single-Subject Designs , 2004, Behavior modification.

[38]  Hariharan Swaminathan,et al.  A generalized least squares regression approach for computing effect sizes in single-case research: application examples. , 2011, Journal of school psychology.

[39]  E. Edgington.  Randomization Tests for One-Subject Operant Experiments , 1975 .

[40]  Thomas E. Scruggs,et al.  Early Intervention for Socially Withdrawn Children , 1985 .

[41]  Allison Gorman Faith,et al.  Meta-analysis of Single-Case Research , 2014 .

[42]  J. Levin,et al.  Single-case research design and analysis : new directions for psychology and education , 1992 .

[43]  J Michael,et al.  Statistical inference for individual organism research: mixed blessing or curse? , 1974, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[44]  Kimberly J. Vannest,et al.  Percentage of All Non-Overlapping Data (PAND) , 2007 .

[45]  B. Gorman,et al.  Calculating effect sizes for meta-analysis: the case of the single case. , 1993, Behaviour research and therapy.

[46]  S. Natasha Beretvas,et al.  A review of meta-analyses of single-subject experimental designs: Methodological issues and practice , 2008 .

[47]  Patricia P. Ramsey,et al.  Robust testing of level changes in interrupted time-series analysis , 2006 .

[48]  J. Gentile,et al.  An analysis-of-variance model for the intrasubject replication design. , 1972, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[49]  K. Ottenbacher,et al.  The statistical analysis of single-subject data: a comparative examination. , 1994, Physical therapy.

[50]  Rumen Manolov,et al.  Comparing N = 1 Effect Size Indices in Presence of Autocorrelation , 2008, Behavior modification.

[51]  Rex B. Kline,et al.  Beyond Significance Testing: Reforming Data Analysis Methods in Behavioral Research , 2004 .

[52]  B. Wampold,et al.  Intervention effects and relative variation as dimensions in experts' use of visual inference. , 1982, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[53]  P. Lachenbruch.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[54]  Erin E. Barton,et al.  Comparison of Overlap Methods for Quantitatively Synthesizing Single-Subject Data , 2010 .

[55]  Susan T. Hibbard,et al.  Making treatment effect inferences from multiple-baseline data: The utility of multilevel modeling approaches , 2009, Behavior research methods.

[56]  Patrick Onghena,et al.  A multilevel meta-analysis of single-subject experimental design studies , 2008 .

[57]  J. Singer,et al.  Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis , 2003 .

[58]  Robert H. Horner,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Positive Behavior Support , 2000 .

[59]  Richard I. Parker,et al.  The Relationship Between Visual Analysis and Five Statistical Analyses in a Simple AB Single-Case Research Design , 2006, Behavior modification.

[60]  B. L. Hopkins,et al.  A Critique of the Usefulness of Inferential Statistics in Applied Behavior Analysis , 1998, The Behavior analyst.

[61]  D. Lundervold,et al.  Quantitative Analysis of Treatment of Aggression, Self-Injury, and Property Destruction , 1988, Behavior modification.

[62]  Wim Van Den Noortgate,et al.  The Aggregation of Single-Case Results Using Hierarchical Linear Models. , 2007 .

[63]  J. R. Scotti,et al.  A meta-analysis of intervention research with problem behavior: treatment validity and standards of practice. , 1991, American journal of mental retardation : AJMR.

[64]  Thomas E. Scruggs,et al.  The Quantitative Synthesis of Single-Subject Research , 1987 .

[65]  M. Sidman,et al.  Tactics of scientific research : evaluating experimental data in psychology , 1961 .

[66]  D M Baer,et al.  "Perhaps it would be better not to know everything.". , 1977, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[67]  D M Baer,et al.  Some still-current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. , 1987, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[68]  J. Barker,et al.  Using Hypnosis, Technique Refinement, and Self-Modeling to Enhance Self-Efficacy: A Case Study in Cricket , 2006 .

[69]  Jacob Cohen.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[70]  Hsen-Hsing Ma.  An Alternative Method for Quantitative Synthesis of Single-Subject Researches , 2006, Behavior modification.

[71]  W. Shadish,et al.  The state of the science in the meta-analysis of single-case experimental designs , 2008 .

[72]  James M. Kauffman,et al.  Problems in Logic and Interpretation with Quantitative Syntheses of Single-Case Research: Mathur and Colleagues (1998) as a Case in Point , 1998 .

[73]  J. Crosbie,et al.  Interrupted time-series analysis with brief single-subject data. , 1993, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[74]  Eugene S. Edgington.  Nonparametric tests for single-case experiments. , 2015 .

[75]  John M Ferron,et al.  Estimating individual treatment effects from multiple-baseline data: A Monte Carlo study of multilevel-modeling approaches , 2010, Behavior research methods.

[76]  William R. Jenson,et al.  Statistical reform: Evidence‐based practice, meta‐analyses, and single subject designs , 2007 .

[77]  J. Stichter,et al.  Examining the Influence of Teacher Behavior and Classroom Context on the Behavioral and Academic Outcomes for Students With Emotional or Behavioral Disorders , 2008 .

[78]  N A Ator,et al.  Statistical inference in behavior analysis: Environmental determinants? , 1999, The Behavior analyst.

[79]  Donald M. Baer,et al.  The Visual Analysis of Data, and Current Research into the Stimuli Controlling It , 2015 .

[80]  B. Huitema.  Autocorrelation in Behavioral Research Wherefore Art Thou , 1986 .

[81]  Bruce E. Wampold,et al.  The heuristics of visual inference , 1981 .

[82]  R. Senf.  Tactics of Scientific Research: Evaluating Experimental Data in Psychology , 1962 .

[83]  David Morgan,et al.  Single-Case Research Methods for the Behavioral and Health Sciences , 2008 .

[84]  Jacob Cohen,et al.  THINGS I HAVE LEARNED (SO FAR) , 1990 .

[85]  R. R. Jones,et al.  Time-series analysis in operant research. , 1977, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[86]  B. E. Huitema.  Autocorrelation: 10 Years of confusion , 1988 .

[87]  Kimberly J. Vannest,et al.  Effect Size in Single-Case Research: A Review of Nine Nonoverlap Techniques , 2011, Behavior modification.

[88]  Shenyang Guo,et al.  Analyzing Longitudinal Rating Data: A Three-Level Hierarchical Linear Model , 1999 .