American Cancer Society Guideline for the Early Detection of Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer

An update to the American Cancer Society (ACS) guideline regarding screening for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer, based on recommendations from a formal review and recent workshop, is presented. The new screening recommendations address when to begin screening, when screening may be discontinued, whether to screen women who have had a hysterectomy, appropriate screening intervals, and new screening technologies, including liquid-based cytology and HPV DNA testing.

[1]  S. Mount,et al.  A study of 10,296 pediatric and adolescent Papanicolaou smear diagnoses in northern New England. , 1999, Pediatrics.

[2]  W. Lawrence,et al.  Benefits and costs of using HPV testing to screen for cervical cancer. , 2002, JAMA.

[3]  M. Boon,et al.  Diagnostic accuracy of squamous cervical lesions studied in spatula-cytobrush smears. , 1988, Acta Cytologica.

[4]  D. Simel,et al.  Cytologic screening after hysterectomy for benign disease. , 1995, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[5]  G. Kristensen,et al.  Analysis of cervical smears obtained within three years of the diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer. , 1991, Acta cytologica.

[6]  David R. Scott,et al.  Persistence of type-specific human papillomavirus infection among cytologically normal women. , 1994, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[7]  T. Wright,et al.  Human papillomavirus DNA testing for cervical cancer screening in low-resource settings. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[8]  M. Hakama,et al.  Risk of cervical cancer after a negative Pap smear , 1999, Journal of medical screening.

[9]  R. Ashfaq,et al.  Comparison of conventional Papanicolaou smears and a fluid-based, thin-layer system for cervical cancer screening , 1997 .

[10]  M. Fremont-Smith,et al.  Direct-to-vial experience with AutoCyte PREP in a small New England regional cytology practice. , 2001, The Journal of reproductive medicine.

[11]  K. Sigurdsson,et al.  Trends in cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia in Iceland through 1995, Evaluation of targeted age groups and screening intervals , 1999, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[12]  P. Remington,et al.  The effect of hysterectomy on the risk of an abnormal screening Papanicolaou test result , 1999 .

[13]  K. Kerlikowske,et al.  Frequency of cervical smear abnormalities within 3 years of normal cytology. , 2000 .

[14]  J. Hecht,et al.  Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance in conventional cervical/vaginal smears and thin‐layer preparations , 2002, Cancer.

[15]  J. Peto,et al.  Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide , 1999, The Journal of pathology.

[16]  Y. Qiao,et al.  Shanxi Province Cervical Cancer Screening Study: a cross-sectional comparative trial of multiple techniques to detect cervical neoplasia. , 2001, Gynecologic oncology.

[17]  A. Moscicki,et al.  The natural history of human papillomavirus infection as measured by repeated DNA testing in adolescent and young women. , 1998, The Journal of pediatrics.

[18]  J. Cuzick,et al.  HPV testing in primary screening of older women , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[19]  C. la Vecchia,et al.  Screening practices and invasive cervical cancer risk in different age strata. , 1990, Gynecologic oncology.

[20]  R. Burk,et al.  Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women , 1998 .

[21]  Julian Peto,et al.  Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer: a Worldwide Perspective , 1995 .

[22]  S. Kabawat,et al.  Performance of a fluid-based, thin-layer papanicolaou smear method in the clinical setting of an independent laboratory and an outpatient screening population in New England. , 2009, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[23]  P. Frame,et al.  Determinants of Cancer Screening Frequency: The Example of Screening for Cervical Cancer , 1998, The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine.

[24]  J. Ward.  Population‐based mammographic screening: Does Informed choice‘ require any less than full disclosure to individuals of benefits, harms, limitations and consequences? , 1999, Australian and New Zealand journal of public health.

[25]  A. Gafni,et al.  Evidence-based vs emotion-based medical decision-making: routine preoperative HIV testing vs universal precautions. , 1993, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[26]  T. Nolan,et al.  Cytopathological findings on vaginal Papanicolaou smears after hysterectomy for benign gynecologic disease. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  T. Wright,et al.  Molecular biology of cervical cancer and its precursors , 1995, Cancer.

[28]  J. Obwegeser,et al.  Does Liquid-Based Technology Really Improve Detection of Cervical Neoplasia? , 2001, Acta Cytologica.

[29]  D. Zahniser,et al.  Prevalence of cervical cancer and feasibility of screening in rural China: a pilot study for the Shanxi Province Cervical Cancer Screening Study. , 1999, International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society.

[30]  P. Sweetnam,et al.  Long term follow up of women after hysterectomy with a history of pre‐invasive cancer of the cervix , 1992 .

[31]  D. Fink.  Change in american cancer society checkup guidelines for detection of cervical cancer , 1988, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[32]  J. Mandelblatt,et al.  Gynecological care of elderly women. Another look at Papanicolaou smear testing. , 1986, JAMA.

[33]  H. Adami,et al.  Low efficiency of cytologic screening for cancer in situ of the cervix in older women , 1995, International journal of cancer.

[34]  D. Provenzale,et al.  Patient preferences and quality of life associated with colorectal cancer screening. , 1997, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[35]  L. Mango,et al.  Performance of a semiautomated papanicolaou smear screening system , 1998 .

[36]  H. Kitchener,et al.  Efficacy of cervical-smear collection devices: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 1999, The Lancet.

[37]  Daniel S. Miller,et al.  Cervical Cancer Screening Among Low‐Income Women: Results of a National Screening Program, 1991–1995 , 1998, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[38]  W. Hoskins,et al.  Biologic course of cervical human papillomavirus infection , 1987, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[39]  A. Miller,et al.  Natural history of dysplasia of the uterine cervix. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[40]  K. Shah,et al.  Adjunctive testing for cervical cancer in low resource settings with visual inspection, HPV, and the Pap smear , 2001, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[41]  S. Sato,et al.  Cervical cancer screening in Japan. A case-control study. , 1997, Acta cytologica.

[42]  J. Cuzick,et al.  Estimating the efficacy of screening by auditing smear histories of women with and without cervical cancer. The National Co-ordinating Network for Cervical Screening Working Group. , 1996, British Journal of Cancer.

[43]  M. Nasiell,et al.  Behavior of mild cervical dysplasia during long-term follow-up. , 1986 .

[44]  C. Sung,et al.  ThinPrep® pap test promotes detection of glandular lesions of the endocervix , 1999, Diagnostic cytopathology.

[45]  R. Ashfaq,et al.  ThinPrep Pap Test , 1999, Acta Cytologica.

[46]  G. Javaheri,et al.  Cervical cytology after cryosurgery, laser ablation and conization. A comparison of the cotton swab and endocervical brush. , 1993, Acta cytologica.

[47]  M. Boon,et al.  Analysis of five sampling methods for the preparation of cervical smears. , 1989, Acta cytologica.

[48]  David R. Scott,et al.  Baseline cytology, human papillomavirus testing, and risk for cervical neoplasia: a 10-year cohort analysis. , 2003, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[49]  M. Henry,et al.  A Comparison of the Three Most Common Papanicolaou Smear Collection Techniques , 1994, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[50]  T. Wright,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of alternative triage strategies for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. , 2002, JAMA.

[51]  G. Vooijs,et al.  False negative rate in cervical cytology. , 1987, Journal of clinical pathology.

[52]  V. Václavinková.  Behavior of Moderate Cervical Dysplasia During Long-Term Follow-Up , 1983, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[53]  J. T. Cox,et al.  ASCCP Patient Management Guidelines: Pap Test Specimen Adequacy and Quality Indicators , 2002, Journal of lower genital tract disease.

[54]  C. Clavel,et al.  Hybrid Capture II-based human papillomavirus detection, a sensitive test to detect in routine high-grade cervical lesions: a preliminary study on 1518 women , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[55]  P Sasieni,et al.  Women's understanding of a “normal smear test result”: experimental questionnaire based study , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[56]  E. Franco,et al.  Human papillomavirus testing for primary screening of cervical cancer precursors. , 2000, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[57]  V. Kataja,et al.  Natural History of Cervical Human Papillomavirus Lesions Does Not Substantiate the Biologic Relevance of the Bethesda System , 1992, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[58]  M. Sherman,et al.  Utility of liquid‐based cytology for cervical carcinoma screening , 1999, Cancer.

[59]  HPV DNA Testing of Self-collected Vaginal Samples Compared With Cytologic Screening to Detect Cervical Cancer , 2000 .

[60]  I. Duncan,et al.  Rationale for stopping cervical screening in women over 50. , 1993, BMJ.

[61]  Mark Sherman,et al.  The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. , 2002, JAMA.

[62]  S Wacholder,et al.  HPV DNA testing in cervical cancer screening: results from women in a high-risk province of Costa Rica. , 2000, JAMA.

[63]  D J Zahniser,et al.  Homogeneous sampling accounts for the increased diagnostic accuracy using the ThinPrep Processor. , 1994, American journal of clinical pathology.

[64]  R. Ca.  The false negative smear. II. The trapping effect of collecting instruments. , 1977 .

[65]  Thomas C Wright,et al.  2001 Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Women with Cervical Cytological Abnormalities. , 2002, Journal of lower genital tract disease.

[66]  K Shy,et al.  Papanicolaou smear screening interval and risk of cervical cancer , 1989, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[67]  K. Kerlikowske,et al.  The Positive Predictive Value of Cervical Smears in Previously Screened Postmenopausal Women: The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) , 2000, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[68]  C. Wheeler,et al.  Risk factors for rapid-onset cervical cancer. , 1999, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[69]  C. Clavel,et al.  Human papillomavirus testing in primary screening for the detection of high-grade cervical lesions: a study of 7932 women , 2001, British Journal of Cancer.

[70]  R. Holloway,et al.  The efficacy and safety of the cytobrush during pregnancy. , 1992, Gynecologic oncology.

[71]  V. Wright,et al.  Cyto‐histological correlates in a colposcopic clinic: A 1‐year prospective study , 1991, Diagnostic cytopathology.

[72]  A. Ferenczy,et al.  Assessing gains in diagnostic utility when human papillomavirus testing is used as an adjunct to papanicolaou smear in the triage of women with cervical cytologic abnormalities. , 1999, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.