Linking families and facilities for care at birth: What works to avert intrapartum‐related deaths?

Delays in receiving effective care during labor and at birth may be fatal for the mother and fetus, contributing to 2 million annual intrapartum stillbirths and intrapartum‐related neonatal deaths each year.

[1]  D. Barnes-Josiah,et al.  The "three delays" as a framework for examining maternal mortality in Haiti. , 1998, Social science & medicine.

[2]  P. Byass,et al.  Towards reduction of maternal and perinatal mortality in rural Burkina Faso: communities are not empty vessels , 2009, Global health action.

[3]  D. Chandramohan,et al.  The effect of stay in a maternity waiting home on perinatal mortality in rural Zimbabwe. , 1995, The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[4]  René Tonglet,et al.  Strategies for reducing maternal mortality in developing countries: what can we learn from the history of the industrialized West? , 1998, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[5]  K. MacIntyre,et al.  Referral revisited: community financing schemes and emergency transport in rural Africa. , 1999, Social science & medicine.

[6]  V. Brouwere,et al.  Safe motherhood strategies: a review of the evidence , 2001 .

[7]  A. Bartlett,et al.  Reducing perinatal mortality in developing countries: high risk or improved labour management? , 1993 .

[8]  Judith Moore,et al.  Are Birth-preparedness Programmes Effective? Results From a Field Trial in Siraha District, Nepal , 2006, Journal of health, population, and nutrition.

[9]  D. Maine,et al.  Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context. , 1991, Social science & medicine.

[10]  S. Bergström,et al.  Obstetric care in low‐resource settings: What, who, and how to overcome challenges to scale up? , 2009, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[11]  N. Walker,et al.  Standards for CHERG reviews of intervention effects on child survival , 2010, International journal of epidemiology.

[12]  C. Dulberg,et al.  A PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL AUDIT OF NEONATAL RESUSCITATION PRACTICES IN CANADA , 2002, Advances in neonatal care : official journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses.

[13]  Juan Manuel Medina,et al.  Monetary incentives in primary health care and effects on use and coverage of preventive health care interventions in rural Honduras: cluster randomised trial , 2004, The Lancet.

[14]  S. Cousens,et al.  60 million non‐facility births: Who can deliver in community settings to reduce intrapartum‐related deaths? , 2009, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[15]  A. Bang,et al.  Why Do Neonates Die in Rural Gadchiroli, India? (Part II): Estimating Population Attributable Risks and Contribution of Multiple Morbidities for Identifying a Strategy to Prevent Deaths , 2005, Journal of Perinatology.

[16]  A. Mills,et al.  Mobilising financial resources for maternal health , 2006, The Lancet.

[17]  C. Ronsmans,et al.  Decline in maternal mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh: a cautionary tale , 1997, The Lancet.

[18]  G. Breart,et al.  Can clinical risk factors for late stillbirth in West Africa be detected during antenatal care or only during labour? , 2002, International journal of epidemiology.

[19]  J. Fox-Rushby,et al.  Costs, effects and cost-effectiveness analysis of a mobile maternal health care service in West Kiang, The Gambia. , 1996, Health policy.

[20]  J. Lawson,et al.  Obstetrics and Gynaecology in the Tropics and Developing Countries , 1967 .

[21]  J. Spencer-Jones,et al.  Make every mother and child count. , 2005, South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde.

[22]  J. Hossain,et al.  The effect of addressing demand for as well as supply of emergency obstetric care in Dinajpur, Bangladesh , 2006, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[23]  C. Lahariya Cash Incentives for Institutional Delivery: Linking with Antenatal and Post Natal Care May Ensure ‘Continuum of Care’ in India , 2009, Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine.

[24]  Kimberly V. Smith,et al.  Community-based health insurance and access to maternal health services: evidence from three West African countries. , 2008, Social science & medicine.

[25]  E. Gouws,et al.  Effect of removing user fees on attendance for curative and preventive primary health care services in rural South Africa. , 2001, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[26]  J. Okaro,et al.  Community contact persons promote utilization of obstetric services, Anambra State, Nigeria , 1997, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[27]  S. Fawcus,et al.  A community-based investigation of avoidable factors for maternal mortality in Zimbabwe. , 1996, Studies in family planning.

[28]  N. Olaniran,et al.  Mobilizing the community to utilize obstetric services, Cross River State, Nigeria , 1997, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[29]  A. Costello,et al.  How did formative research inform the development of a women's group intervention in rural Nepal? , 2008, Journal of Perinatology.

[30]  Jan Brozek,et al.  GRADE: assessing the quality of evidence for diagnostic recommendations , 2008, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[31]  M. Koblinsky,et al.  An integrated village maternity service to improve referral patterns in a rural area in West‐Java , 1995, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[32]  A. Costello,et al.  Women's health groups to improve perinatal care in rural Nepal , 2005, BMC pregnancy and childbirth.

[33]  S. Cousens,et al.  Interventions to address maternal, newborn, and child survival: what difference can integrated primary health care strategies make? , 2008, The Lancet.

[34]  Karen Gr Free Delivery: The eect of a delivery fee exemption policy on the utilization of maternal health services in Ghana , 2009 .

[35]  B. Criel,et al.  The Bwamanda hospital insurance scheme: effective for whom? A study of its impact on hospital utilization patterns. , 1999, Social science & medicine.

[36]  J. Lawn,et al.  Delivering interventions to reduce the global burden of stillbirths: improving service supply and community demand , 2009, BMC pregnancy and childbirth.

[37]  K. Lungu,et al.  Are bicycles ambulances and community transport plans effective , 2001 .

[38]  M. Koblinsky Reducing Maternal Mortality: Learning from Bolivia, China, Egypt, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, and Zimbabwe , 2003 .

[39]  A. Oronsaye,et al.  Emergency loan funds to improve access to obstetric care in Ekpoma, Nigeria , 1997, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[40]  K. Sabitu,et al.  Community loan funds and transport services for obstetric emergencies in northern Nigeria , 1997, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[41]  J. V. van Roosmalen,et al.  Use of maternity waiting home in rural Zambia. , 2003, African journal of reproductive health.

[42]  K. Krasovec Reproductive health and health sector reform : linking outcomes to action , 2000 .

[43]  G. Guyatt,et al.  GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations , 2008, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[44]  R. Yan How Chinese clinicians contribute to the improvement of maternity care , 1989, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[45]  I. Ahluwalia,et al.  An evaluation of a community‐based approach to safe motherhood in northwestern Tanzania , 2003, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[46]  V. Tsu,et al.  Antenatal screening: its use in assessing obstetric risk factors in Zimbabwe. , 1994, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[47]  I. Figa-talamanca Maternal mortality and the problem of accessibility to obstetric care; the strategy of maternity waiting homes. , 1996, Social science & medicine.

[48]  J. Lawn,et al.  Two million intrapartum‐related stillbirths and neonatal deaths: Where, why, and what can be done? , 2009, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[49]  A. de Francisco,et al.  Prenatal screening in rural Bangladesh: from prediction to care. , 2000, Health policy and planning.

[50]  A. Haines,et al.  Conditional cash transfers for improving uptake of health interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. , 2007, JAMA.

[51]  A. Haines,et al.  Health financing to promote access in low income settings—how much do we know? , 2004, The Lancet.

[52]  Indu Bhushan,et al.  Achieving the Twin Objectives of Efficiency and Equity: Contracting Health Services in Cambodia , 2002 .

[53]  L. Howard-Grabman,et al.  How to mobilize communities for health and social change. , 2003 .

[54]  Robert E Black,et al.  Effect of community-based behaviour change management on neonatal mortality in Shivgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial , 2008, The Lancet.

[55]  T. Kulmala,et al.  The relationship between antenatal risk characteristics, place of delivery and adverse delivery outcome in rural Malawi , 2000, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[56]  J. Banta,et al.  World Health Forum an international journal of health development, published quarterly by the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Price per copy Sf 10; for 1981 volume Sf 30 , 1981 .

[57]  B. Kwast,et al.  A maternity waiting home reduces obstetric catastrophes. , 1990, World health forum.

[58]  Gordon H Guyatt,et al.  GRADE: grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies , 2008, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[59]  S. Cousens,et al.  4 million neonatal deaths: When? Where? Why? , 2005, The Lancet.

[60]  P. Gertler,et al.  Empowering women to obtain high quality care: evidence from an evaluation of Mexico's conditional cash transfer programme. , 2008, Health policy and planning.

[61]  D. Wilkinson Reducing perinatal mortality in developing countries. , 1997, Health policy and planning.

[62]  J. Fox-Rushby The Gambia: cost and effectiveness of a mobile maternal health care service, West Kiang. , 1995, World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales.

[63]  T. Ensor,et al.  Overcoming barriers to health service access: influencing the demand side. , 2004, Health policy and planning.

[64]  Robert E Black,et al.  Effect of community-based newborn-care intervention package implemented through two service-delivery strategies in Sylhet district, Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised controlled trial , 2008, The Lancet.

[65]  D. Chandramohan,et al.  Effects of a maternity waiting home on adverse maternal outcomes and the validity of antenatal risk screening , 1994, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[66]  P. Fournier,et al.  Improved access to comprehensive emergency obstetric care and its effect on institutional maternal mortality in rural Mali. , 2009, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[67]  A. Starrs Safe motherhood initiative: 20 years and counting , 2006, The Lancet.

[68]  K. Lindblade,et al.  Use of antenatal services and delivery care among women in rural western Kenya: a community based survey , 2006, Reproductive health.

[69]  P. Sengeh,et al.  Facilitating emergency obstetric care through transportation and communication, Bo, Sierra Leone , 1997, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[70]  S. Bergström,et al.  Perinatal audit using the 3‐delays model in western Tanzania , 2009, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[71]  J. Fullerton,et al.  Outcomes of a Community– and Home-Based Intervention for Safe Motherhood and Newborn Care , 2005, Health care for women international.

[72]  A. Costello,et al.  Economic assessment of a women's group intervention to improve birth outcomes in rural Nepal , 2005, The Lancet.

[73]  J. Lawn,et al.  Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health: from slogan to service delivery , 2007, The Lancet.

[74]  C. Palme-Kilander Methods of resuscitation in low-Apgar-score newborn infants--a national survey. , 1993, Acta paediatrica.

[75]  A. Prual,et al.  Ensuring financial access to emergency obstetric care: Three years of experience with Obstetric Risk Insurance in Nouakchott, Mauritania , 2007, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[76]  D. Shehu,et al.  Mobilizing transport for obstetric emergencies in northwestern Nigeria , 1997, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[77]  A. Costello,et al.  Community participation: lessons for maternal, newborn, and child health , 2008, The Lancet.

[78]  C. Ronsmans,et al.  Accessibility and utilisation of delivery care within a Skilled Care Initiative in rural Burkina Faso , 2008, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[79]  A. Costello,et al.  The hidden cost of 'free' maternity care in Dhaka, Bangladesh. , 1998, Health policy and planning.

[80]  W. Vanlerberghe,et al.  Antenatal screening for fetopelvic dystocias. A cost-effectiveness approach to the choice of simple indicators for use by auxiliary personnel. The Kasongo Project Team. , 1984, The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[81]  S. Adjei,et al.  Providing free maternal health care: ten lessons from an evaluation of the national delivery exemption policy in Ghana , 2009, Global health action.

[82]  Kingsley Lungu,et al.  Motorcycle ambulances for referral of obstetric emergencies in rural Malawi: Do they reduce delay and what do they cost? , 2008, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[83]  M. Hassan,et al.  Community education to encourage use of emergency obstetric services, Kebbi State, Nigeria , 1997, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[84]  S. Cousens,et al.  Implementing community-based perinatal care: results from a pilot study in rural Pakistan. , 2008, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[85]  M. Berer,et al.  Safe Motherhood initiatives: critical issues. , 1999 .

[86]  K. Shibuya,et al.  No cry at birth: global estimates of intrapartum stillbirths and intrapartum-related neonatal deaths. , 2005, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[87]  A. Costello,et al.  Effect of a participatory intervention with women's groups on birth outcomes in Nepal: cluster-randomised controlled trial , 2004, The Lancet.

[88]  P. Sengeh,et al.  Promoting the use of obstetric services through community loan funds, Bo, Sierra Leone , 1997, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[89]  J. Wilson,et al.  The maternity waiting home concept: the Nsawam, Ghana experience , 1997, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[90]  K. Nelson,et al.  Chorioamnionitis and brain injury. , 2002, Clinics in perinatology.

[91]  J. Lawn,et al.  Perinatal mortality audit: Counting, accountability, and overcoming challenges in scaling up in low‐ and middle‐income countries , 2009, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[92]  I. Ahluwalia,et al.  Transportation for maternal emergencies in Tanzania: empowering communities through participatory problem solving. , 2001, American journal of public health.

[93]  K. O’Rourke,et al.  Impact of community organization of women on perinatal outcomes in rural Bolivia. , 1998, Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health.

[94]  K. Krašovec,et al.  Auxiliary technologies related to transport and communication for obstetric emergencies , 2004, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[95]  L. Gilson,et al.  The impact of free maternal health care in South Africa. , 1999 .

[96]  A. Maclennan A template for defining a causal relation between acute intrapartum events and cerebral palsy: international consensus statement , 1999, BMJ.

[97]  Making pregnancy safer : the critical role of the skilled attendant , 2004 .

[98]  P. Bossyns,et al.  Unaffordable or cost‐effective?: introducing an emergency referral system in rural Niger , 2005, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[99]  H. Winter,et al.  An intervention involving traditional birth attendants and perinatal and maternal mortality in Pakistan. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[100]  A. Horvath,et al.  Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies. , 2009, Clinical chemistry.

[101]  J. Katz,et al.  Risk Factors for Neonatal Mortality Due to Birth Asphyxia in Southern Nepal: A Prospective, Community-Based Cohort Study , 2008, Pediatrics.

[102]  J. Katz,et al.  Evaluation of neonatal verbal autopsy using physician review versus algorithm-based cause-of-death assignment in rural Nepal. , 2005, Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology.

[103]  Y. Ratsma,et al.  Does the upgrading of the radio communications network in health facilities reduce the delay in the referral of obstetric emergencies in Southern Malawi? , 2007, Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi.

[104]  Gynecologists Use and abuse of apgar score , 1996 .