Discovery and Biosynthesis of Cihunamides, Macrocyclic Antibacterial RiPPs with a Unique C-N Linkage Formed by CYP450 Catalysis.

Cihunamides A-D (1-4), novel antibacterial RiPPs, were isolated from volcanic island-derived Streptomyces sp. The structures of 1-4 were elucidated by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR, MS, and chemical derivatizations; they contain a tetrapeptide core composed of WNIW, cyclized by a unique C-N linkage between two Trp units. Genome mining of the producer strain revealed two biosynthetic genes encoding a cytochrome P450 enzyme and a precursor peptide. Heterologous co-expression of the core genes demonstrated the biosynthesis of cihunamides via a P450-mediated oxidative Trp-Trp crosslinking. Further bioinformatic analysis uncovered 252 homologous gene clusters, including that of tryptorubins, which possess a distinct Trp-Trp linkage. Cihunamides do not display non-canonical atropisomerism shown in tryptorubins, which are the founding members of the "atropitide" family. Therefore, we propose to use a new RiPP family name "bitryptides" for cihunamides, tryptorubins, and their congeners, wherein the Trp-Trp linkages define the structural class rather than non-canonical atropisomerism.