inuences on judgement and choice

Most theories of affective inuences on judgement and choice take a valence- based approach, contrasting the effects of positive versus negative feeling states. These approaches have not speci® ed if and when distinct emotions of the same valence have different effects on judgement. In this article, we propose a model of emotion-speci® c inuences on judgement and choice. We posit that each emotion is de® ned by a tendency to perceive new events and objects in ways that are consistent with the original cognitive-appraisal dimensions of the emotion. To pit the valence and appraisal-tendency approaches against one another, we present a study that addresses whether two emotions of the same valence but differing appraisals- anger and fear- relate in different ways to risk perception. Consistent with the appraisal- tendency hypothesis, fearful people made pessimistic judgements of future events whereas angry people made optimistic judgements. In the Discussion we expand the proposed model and review evidence supporting two social moderators of appraisal-tendency processes.

[1]  P. Tetlock,et al.  Rage and reason: the psychology of the intuitive prosecutor , 1999 .

[2]  P. Tetlock,et al.  Accounting for the effects of accountability. , 1999, Psychological bulletin.

[3]  P. Niedenthal,et al.  Are shame and guilt related to distinct self-discrepancies? A test of Higgins's (1987) hypotheses. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[4]  Julie H. Goldberg,et al.  Sober Second Thought: The Effects of Accountability, Anger, and Authoritarianism on Attributions of Responsibility , 1998 .

[5]  R. Davidson.  Affective Style and Affective Disorders: Perspectives from Affective Neuroscience , 1998 .

[6]  Karen Gasper,et al.  The persistent use of negative affect by anxious individuals to estimate risk. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[7]  R. Helson,et al.  Affective Coloring of Personality from Young Adulthood to Midlife , 1998 .

[8]  J. Gross,et al.  Relations between Affect and Personality: Support for the Affect-Level and Affective-Reactivity Views , 1998 .

[9]  J. Elster.  Emotions and Economic Theory , 1998 .

[10]  E. Higgins,et al.  Beyond pleasure and pain. , 1997, The American psychologist.

[11]  I. Ritov,et al.  Decision Affect Theory: Emotional Reactions to the Outcomes of Risky Options , 1997 .

[12]  Paul Slovic,et al.  Perception of Ecological Risk to Water Environments , 1997, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[13]  J. Tedeschi,et al.  Mediating Effects of Blame Attributions on Feelings of Anger , 1996 .

[14]  R. Baumeister,et al.  Why do bad moods increase self-defeating behavior? Emotion, risk taking, and self-regulation. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[15]  Joseph E LeDoux.  The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life , 1996 .

[16]  G. Loewenstein.  Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior , 1996 .

[17]  P. Johnson-Laird,et al.  The communicative theory of emotions: Empirical tests, mental models, and implications for social interaction. , 1996 .

[18]  D. Keltner.  Facial Expressions of Emotion and Personality , 1996 .

[19]  G. Clore,et al.  Feelings and phenomenal experiences , 1996 .

[20]  Richard P. Larrick,et al.  Avoiding Regret in Decisions with Feedback: A Negotiation Example , 1995 .

[21]  J. Forgas.  Mood and judgment: the affect infusion model (AIM). , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[22]  Family of origin, personality, and self-reported delinquency , 1994 .

[23]  B. Pfefferbaum,et al.  Self-report study of impulsive and delinquent behavior in college students. , 1994, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[24]  G. Bodenhausen,et al.  Happiness and stereotypic thinking in social judgment. , 1994 .

[25]  G. Bodenhausen,et al.  Negative affect and social judgment: The differential impact of anger and sadness , 1994 .

[26]  G. Clore,et al.  Affective causes and consequences of social information processing. , 1994 .

[27]  A. Damasio.  Descartes' error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. avon books , 1994 .

[28]  T. Wills,et al.  Novelty seeking, risk taking, and related constructs as predictors of adolescent substance use: an application of Cloninger's theory. , 1994, Journal of substance abuse.

[29]  P. Ellsworth,et al.  Beyond simple pessimism: effects of sadness and anger on social perception. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[30]  Dacher Kehner,et al.  The Influence of Attributions on the Relevance of Negative Feelings to Personal Satisfaction , 1993 .

[31]  G. Bodenhausen.  Emotions, Arousal, and Stereotypic Judgments: A Heuristic Model of Affect and Stereotyping , 1993 .

[32]  Paul Slovic.  Perceptions of Risk: Paradox and Challenge , 1993 .

[33]  Gordon H. Bower,et al.  Mood effects on subjective probability assessment , 1992 .

[34]  P. Ekman.  Are there basic emotions? , 1992, Psychological review.

[35]  Héctor Betancourt,et al.  A Cognition (Attribution)-Emotion Model of Violence in Conflict Situations , 1992 .

[36]  P. Johnson-Laird,et al.  Basic emotions, rationality, and folk theory , 1992 .

[37]  F. Gabbay.  Behavior-Genetic Strategies in the Study of Emotion , 1992 .

[38]  G. Clore.  Cognitive phenomenology: Feelings and the construction of judgment. , 1992 .

[39]  R. Lazarus.  Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. , 1991, The American psychologist.

[40]  R. Larsen,et al.  Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[41]  Gordon H. Bower,et al.  Mood Congruity of Social Judgments , 1991 .

[42]  R. Lazarus.  Emotion and Adaptation , 1991 .

[43]  P. Ekman,et al.  Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[44]  L. Cosmides,et al.  The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments , 1990 .

[45]  N. Schwarz.  Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. , 1990 .

[46]  A. Mathews.  Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. , 1990, Behaviour research and therapy.

[47]  G. Bower,et al.  Affect in social judgments , 1988 .

[48]  Andrew Ortony,et al.  The Cognitive Structure of Emotions , 1988 .

[49]  C. Malatesta.  The role of emotions in the development and organization of personality. , 1988, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[50]  N. Frijda.  The laws of emotion. , 1988, The American psychologist.

[51]  P. Slovic.  Perception of risk. , 1987, Science.

[52]  A. Caspi,et al.  Moving Against the World: Life-Course Patterns of Explosive Children , 1987 .

[53]  J. Campos,et al.  Perspectives on emotional development II: A functionalist approach to emotions. , 1987 .

[54]  J. Suls,et al.  In search of the false-uniqueness phenomenon: fear and estimates of social consensus. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[55]  R. Rapee.  Differential response to hyperventilation in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. , 1986, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[56]  B. Weiner.  Attribution, emotion, and action. , 1986 .

[57]  Baruch Fischhoff,et al.  The psychometric study of risk perception , 1986 .

[58]  D. Watson,et al.  Toward a consensual structure of mood. , 1985, Psychological bulletin.

[59]  Craig A. Smith,et al.  Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[60]  Ira J. Roseman.  Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. , 1984 .

[61]  D. Watson,et al.  Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. , 1984, Psychological bulletin.

[62]  G. Clore,et al.  Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. , 1983 .

[63]  A. Tversky,et al.  Affect, Generalization, and the Perception of Risk. , 1983 .

[64]  J. Averill,et al.  Studies on Anger and Aggression , 1983 .

[65]  Andrew Mathews,et al.  COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN ANXIETY , 1983 .

[66]  R. Sugden,et al.  Regret Theory: An alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty Review of Economic Studies , 1982 .

[67]  Jaak Panksepp,et al.  Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions , 1982, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[68]  B. Weiner,et al.  Pity, Anger, and Guilt , 1982 .

[69]  Lyn Y. Abramson,et al.  Induced mood and the illusion of control. , 1981 .

[70]  G. Bower.  Mood and memory. , 1981, The American psychologist.

[71]  B. Weiner.  A Cognitive (Attribution)-Emotion-Action Model of Motivated Behavior: An Analysis of Judgments of Help-Giving. , 1980 .

[72]  P. Ekman,et al.  Facial Expressions of Emotion , 1979 .

[73]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Judged frequency of lethal events , 1978 .

[74]  A. Isen,et al.  Affect, accessibility of material in memory, and behavior: a cognitive loop? , 1978, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[75]  E. Langer.  The illusion of control. , 1975 .

[76]  D. Bernstein,et al.  Fear survey schedule (II): Normative data and factor analyses based upon a large college sample , 1969 .

[77]  H. Simon,et al.  Motivational and emotional controls of cognition. , 1967, Psychological review.

[78]  J. Geer,et al.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALE TO MEASURE FEAR. , 1965, Behaviour research and therapy.