Influence of pitch length on inter-and intra-team behaviors in youth soccer

Título: Influencia de la longitud del campo en los comportamientos inter e intra -equipo en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. Resumen: El comportamiento táctico puede verse afectado por los cambios en los formatos de juegos reducidos (SSG). El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la influencia de diferentes longitudes del terreno de juego en formatos SSG-de-7 jugadores en jóvenes futbolistas. 14 jugadores masculinos de fútbol en cada grupo de edad (13 y 14 años, U13 y U14, respectivamente) se dividieron en dos equipos de siete jugadores, quienes jugaron en cuatro SSGs de 7 minutos de duración, intercalados con 4 minutos de recuperación pasiva. La única modificación en el formato SSG fue longitud del terreno: 60 m (SSG60), 50 m (SSG50), 40 m (SSG40) y 30 m (SSG30), mientras que la anchura del campo de 40 m se mantuvo constante. Las variables utilizadas para caracterizar el comportamiento colectivo se agruparon en: a) variables intra-equipo, es decir, la longitud del equipo (L), ancho del equipo (W), el área efectiva de juego del equipo o convex hull (CH), y el strech index (SI); y b) las variables inter-equipo, es decir, la distancia entre los centroides (DC), la longitud de los dos equipos (L2), la anchura de los dos equipos (W2), envolvente convexa de los dos equipos (CH2), y el índice de estiramiento de los dos equipos (SI2). Los resultados revelan diferentes comportamientos intra e inter-equipo de acuerdo al formato de SSG y la edad del jugador. Las variables L, CH, SI, DC, L2, CH2, y SI2 aumentaron con el incremento en longitud del terreno, mientras que W y W2 mostraron sólo cambios mínimos. Las diferencias fueron mayores en el grupo U13, lo que sugiere que los jugadores más jóvenes fueron más propensos a variar su comportamiento colectivo en respuesta a los cambios de alargar el terreno de juego, inter-tarea, especilamente en los campos más largos (SSG50 y SSG60). Por el contrario, utilizando el análisis de la entropía, mayor imprevisibilidad de comportamiento del equipo se observó en el grupo U14, intra-tarea, en comparación con el grupo U13. En general, los resultados sugieren que las respuestas a la limitación de las tareas, tales como la modificación de la longitud del espacio y el espacio relativo de juego, son dependientes de la edad (experiencia, habilidad) y esto es algo que los entrenadores deben tener en cuenta al diseñar los SSGs para desarrollar comportameintos tácticos colectivos. Palabras clave: Constreñimiento de tareas; comportamiento táctico; dispositivos GPS; deportes de equipo; entrenamiento. Abstract: Tactical behavior could be affected by changes in small-sided game (SSG) formats. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of different pitch lengths during 7-a-side SSGs played by young football players. Fourteen male soccer players in each age group (13 and 14 years old, U13 and U14 teams) were divided in two teams of seven players who played four SSGs of 7 minutes, interspersed with 4 minutes of passive recovery. The only modification to the SSG format was pitch length: 60 m (SSG60), 50 m (SSG50), 40 m (SSG40), and 30 m (SSG30), while the width of the field was kept constant at 40 m. The variables used to characterize collective behavior were grouped in a) intra-team variables, namely, team length (L), team width (W), effective area of team play or convex hull (CH), and stretch index (SI); and b) inter-team variables, namely distance between centroids (DC), length of both teams (L2), width of both teams (W2), convex hull of both teams (CH2), and stretch index of both teams (SI2). Our results revealed different intra and inter-team behaviors according to SSG format and player age. L, CH, SI, DC, L2, CH2, and SI2 all increased with increasing pitch length, while W and W2 showed only minimal changes. The differences were greater in the U13 group, suggesting that younger players were more likely to vary their collective behavior in response to changes to pitch length, inter-task, particularly in the longer pitches (SSG50 and SSG60). Conversely, using the analysis of the entropy, greater unpredictability of tactical behavior was observed in the U14 group, intra-task, compared with the U13 group. Overall, the findings suggest that responses to task constraints, such as modifications to pitch length and accordingly relative area of play, are dependent on age (experience, skill) and this is something coaches should consider when designing SSGs to develop team tactics.

[1]  J. Castellano,et al.  Analyzing the space for interaction in soccer , 2013 .

[2]  Ludovic Seifert,et al.  Key Properties of Expert Movement Systems in Sport , 2013, Sports Medicine.

[3]  Micael S. Couceiro,et al.  The usefulness of small-sided games on soccer training , 2012 .

[4]  Keith Davids,et al.  Numerical Relations and Skill Level Constrain Co-Adaptive Behaviors of Agents in Sports Teams , 2014, PloS one.

[5]  Keith Davids,et al.  Effects of Pitch Size and Skill Level on Tactical Behaviours of Association Football Players during Small-Sided and Conditioned Games , 2014 .

[6]  Carlos Galé-Ansodi,et al.  New variables and new agreements between 10 Hz global positioning system devices in tennis drills , 2016 .

[7]  Bruno Travassos,et al.  Tactical performance changes with equal vs unequal numbers of players in small-sided football games , 2014 .

[8]  Keith Davids,et al.  Age-related effects of practice experience on collective behaviours of football players in small-sided games. , 2016, Human movement science.

[9]  Bruno Travassos,et al.  Application of entropy measures to analysis of performance in team sports , 2016 .

[10]  Julen Castellano,et al.  Reliability and Accuracy of 10 Hz GPS Devices for Short-Distance Exercise. , 2011, Journal of sports science & medicine.

[11]  Anis Chaouachi,et al.  Small-Sided Games in Team Sports Training: A Brief Review , 2014, Journal of strength and conditioning research.

[12]  Keith Davids,et al.  Field dimension and skill level constrain team tactical behaviours in small-sided and conditioned games in football , 2014, Journal of sports sciences.

[13]  Jacob Cohen Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[14]  Wouter Frencken,et al.  Oscillations of centroid position and surface area of soccer teams in small-sided games , 2011 .

[15]  Ricardo Monteiro,et al.  How perceiving additional targets modifies teams' tactical behavior during football small-sided games. , 2014, Human movement science.

[16]  Keith Davids,et al.  Capturing complex, non-linear team behaviours during competitive football performance , 2013, Journal of Systems Science and Complexity.

[17]  Keith Davids,et al.  Sports Teams as Superorganisms , 2012, Sports Medicine.

[18]  Julen Castellano,et al.  Time–motion, heart rate, perceptual and motor behaviour demands in small-sides soccer games: Effects of pitch size , 2010, Journal of sports sciences.

[19]  K. Davids,et al.  Shared Knowledge or Shared Affordances? Insights from an Ecological Dynamics Approach to Team Coordination in Sports , 2013, Sports Medicine.

[20]  J. Sampaio,et al.  Measuring Tactical Behaviour in Football , 2012, International Journal of Sports Medicine.

[21]  Julen Castellano,et al.  Influence of Game Format and Number of Players on Heart Rate Responses and Physical Demands in Small-Sided Soccer Games , 2013, Journal of strength and conditioning research.

[22]  Felipe Arruda Moura,et al.  A spectral analysis of team dynamics and tactics in Brazilian football , 2013, Journal of sports sciences.

[23]  Daniel Memmert,et al.  Current Approaches to Tactical Performance Analyses in Soccer Using Position Data , 2016, Sports Medicine.

[24]  Igor Jukić,et al.  THE INFLUENCE OF BALL-TOUCHES NUMBER ON PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS OF LARGE-SIDED GAMES , 2013 .

[25]  Wouter Frencken,et al.  Size matters: Pitch dimensions constrain interactive team behaviour in soccer , 2013, J. Syst. Sci. Complex..

[26]  Wouter Frencken,et al.  Length, width and centroid distance as measures of teams tactical performance in youth football , 2014, European journal of sport science.

[27]  Julen Castellano,et al.  Influence of Different Training Regimes on Physical and Physiological Demands During Small-Sided Soccer Games: Continuous vs. Intermittent Format , 2013, Journal of strength and conditioning research.

[28]  Koen A P M Lemmink,et al.  The older, the wider: On-field tactical behavior of elite-standard youth soccer players in small-sided games. , 2015, Human movement science.

[29]  Paul Godbout,et al.  Collective Variables for Analysing Performance in Team Sports , 2013 .

[30]  Daniel Barreira,et al.  The influence of scoring targets and outer-floaters on attacking and defending team dispersion, shape and creation of space during small-sided soccer games , 2016, Journal of human kinetics.

[31]  Franco M. Impellizzeri,et al.  Physiology of Small-Sided Games Training in Football , 2011, Sports medicine.