Early neoplastic lymphoid lesions.

The differential diagnosis between neoplastic and reactive lymphoid proliferations is a relatively common situation, which in most cases is resolved using conventional morphological and phenotypic criteria. In the last years, a number of studies have identified different types of lymphoid lesions sharing pathological and molecular features of both benign and malignant processes that are difficult to interpret. A group of these lesions correspond to atypical lymphoid hyperplasias, including follicular hyperplasias, atypical marginal zone hyperplasias, and florid reactive lymphoid hyperplasias of the lower female genital tract in which immunoglobulin light chain restriction with or without clonal IGH rearrangements may be found in some cases. However, these lesions are usually self-limited and do not evolve to an overt lymphoid neoplasia. A second group of lesions are clonal expansions of cells with phenotypic or molecular features of well-defined lymphoid neoplasias, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemias, follicular lymphomas, or mantle cell lymphomas, occurring in otherwise healthy individuals or in the context of reactive lymphoid tissues. In this review, we discuss the criteria to distinguish these lesions from overt lymphomas and the current recommendations for the management of the individuals in which these lesions are found.

[1]  R. Warnke,et al.  In situ mantle cell lymphoma: clinical implications of an incidental finding with indolent clinical behavior , 2012, Haematologica.

[2]  E. Jaffe,et al.  Follicular lymphoma in situ: clinical implications and comparisons with partial involvement by follicular lymphoma. , 2011, Blood.

[3]  U. Surti,et al.  Reassessment of small lymphocytic lymphoma in the era of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis , 2011, Haematologica.

[4]  P. Ghia Another piece of the puzzle: is there a “nodal” monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis? , 2011, Haematologica.

[5]  R. Lai,et al.  Indolent mantle cell leukemia: a clinicopathological variant characterized by isolated lymphocytosis, interstitial bone marrow involvement, kappa light chain restriction, and good prognosis , 2011, Haematologica.

[6]  P. Adam,et al.  Prevalence of follicular lymphoma in situ in consecutively analysed reactive lymph nodes , 2011, Histopathology.

[7]  P. Broderick,et al.  Common genetic variation at 15q25.2 impacts on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia risk , 2011, British journal of haematology.

[8]  M. Dyer,et al.  Primary lymphoma‐like lesions of the uterine cervix; sheep in wolves’ clothing , 2011, British journal of haematology.

[9]  Elias Campo,et al.  The 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms and beyond: evolving concepts and practical applications. , 2011, Blood.

[10]  K. Blum,et al.  Evidence of Long Latency Periods Prior to Development of Mantle Cell Lymphoma , 2010 .

[11]  K. Blum,et al.  Mantle cell lymphoma 12 years after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation occurring simultaneously in recipient and donor. , 2010, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[12]  A. Bagg,et al.  Coexisting follicular and mantle cell lymphoma with each having an in situ component: A novel, curious, and complex consultation case of coincidental, composite, colonizing lymphoma. , 2010, American journal of clinical pathology.

[13]  Juan F. García,et al.  Intrafollicular neoplasia/in situ follicular lymphoma: review of a series of 13 cases , 2010, Histopathology.

[14]  E. Jaffe,et al.  Marginal zone lymphomas in children and the young adult population; characterization of genetic aberrations by FISH and RT-PCR , 2010, Modern Pathology.

[15]  A. Rosenwald,et al.  Genomic and gene expression profiling defines indolent forms of mantle cell lymphoma. , 2010, Cancer research.

[16]  N. Harris,et al.  Florid Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia of the Lower Female Genital Tract (Lymphoma-like Lesion): A Benign Condition That Frequently Harbors Clonal Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangements , 2010, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[17]  T. Shanafelt,et al.  Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL): biology, natural history and clinical management , 2010, Leukemia.

[18]  M. Bissell B-Cell Clones as Early Markers for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia , 2010 .

[19]  Elin Gustavsson,et al.  Strong lymphoid nuclear expression of SOX11 transcription factor defines lymphoblastic neoplasms, mantle cell lymphoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma , 2009, Haematologica.

[20]  L. Staudt,et al.  SOX11 expression is highly specific for mantle cell lymphoma and identifies the cyclin D1-negative subtype , 2009, Haematologica.

[21]  B. Nadel,et al.  Agricultural pesticide exposure and the molecular connection to lymphomagenesis , 2009, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[22]  K. Stamatopoulos,et al.  The immunoglobulin gene repertoire of low-count chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-like monoclonal B lymphocytosis is different from CLL: diagnostic implications for clinical monitoring. , 2009, Blood.

[23]  Marcos González,et al.  Increased frequency (12%) of circulating chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like B-cell clones in healthy subjects using a highly sensitive multicolor flow cytometry approach. , 2009, Blood.

[24]  B. Nadel,et al.  t(11;14)-positive clones can persist over a long period of time in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals , 2009, Leukemia.

[25]  A. Rawstron Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. , 2009, Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program.

[26]  J. Delabie,et al.  Mantle cell lymphoma with partial involvement of the mantle zone: an early infiltration pattern of mantle cell lymphoma? , 2008, Virchows Archiv.

[27]  Michael Hallek,et al.  Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines. , 2008, Blood.

[28]  R. Warnke,et al.  Light‐chain‐restricted germinal centres in reactive lymphadenitis: report of eight cases , 2008, Histopathology.

[29]  K. Naresh,et al.  In‐situ mantle cell lymphoma—a report of two cases , 2007, Histopathology.

[30]  Christopher S Mulligan,et al.  Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[31]  D. Oscier,et al.  Cytogenetic aberrations and immunoglobulin VH gene mutations in clinically benign CD5- monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. , 2007, American journal of clinical pathology.

[32]  B. Nadel,et al.  Follicular lymphoma-like B cells in healthy individuals: a novel intermediate step in early lymphomagenesis , 2006, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[33]  P. Brousset,et al.  “In situ-like” mantle cell lymphoma: a report of two cases , 2006, Journal of Clinical Pathology.

[34]  H. Stein,et al.  Wotherspoon criteria combined with B cell clonality analysis by advanced polymerase chain reaction technology discriminates covert gastric marginal zone lymphoma from chronic gastritis , 2006, Gut.

[35]  A. Rosenwald,et al.  Presence of Preserved Reactive Germinal Centers in Follicular Lymphoma Is a Strong Histopathologic Indicator of Limited Disease Stage , 2005, American Journal of Surgical Pathology.

[36]  S. Serrano,et al.  Clonal proliferation of cyclin D1-positive mantle lymphocytes in an asymptomatic patient: an early-stage event in the development or an indolent form of a mantle cell lymphoma? , 2005, Human pathology.

[37]  Paolo Ghia,et al.  Diagnostic criteria for monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis , 2005, British journal of haematology.

[38]  W. Gorczyca,et al.  Coexpression of CD43 by Benign B Cells in the Terminal Ileum , 2005, Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM.

[39]  H. Stein,et al.  Atypical marginal zone hyperplasia of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue: a reactive condition of childhood showing immunoglobulin lambda light-chain restriction. , 2004, Blood.

[40]  R. Braziel,et al.  Prominent clonal B-cell populations identified by flow cytometry in histologically reactive lymphoid proliferations. , 2004, American journal of clinical pathology.

[41]  S. Swerdlow,et al.  Indolent mantle cell lymphoma with nodal involvement and mutated immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. , 2003, Human pathology.

[42]  S. Swerdlow Genetic and molecular genetic studies in the diagnosis of atypical lymphoid hyperplasias versus lymphoma. , 2003, Human pathology.

[43]  Michael J. Green,et al.  Monoclonal B lymphocytes with the characteristics of "indolent" chronic lymphocytic leukemia are present in 3.5% of adults with normal blood counts. , 2002, Blood.

[44]  E. Jaffe,et al.  In situ localization of follicular lymphoma: description and analysis by laser capture microdissection. , 2002, Blood.

[45]  E. Montserrat,et al.  Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic leukaemia. , 2001 .

[46]  M. Noguchi,et al.  Clonal Proliferation of B Lymphocytes in the Germinal Centers of Human Reactive Lymph Nodes: Possibility of Overdiagnosis of B Cell Clonal Proliferation , 2000, Diagnostic molecular pathology : the American journal of surgical pathology, part B.

[47]  R. Kanthan,et al.  Distinct B‐cell clonal bands in Helicobacter pylori gastritis with lymphoid hyperplasia , 2000, The Journal of pathology.

[48]  S. Hamilton-Dutoit,et al.  Detection of clonal B cells in microdissected reactive lymphoproliferations: possible diagnostic pitfalls in PCR analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. , 1999, Molecular pathology : MP.

[49]  D. Shibata,et al.  BCL2 translocation frequency rises with age in humans. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.