Scheduling Algorithms for Star-Coupled WDM Networks with Tunable Transmitter and Tunable Receiver Architecture

This paper presents the design and analysis of two scheduling algorithms for a reservation-based medium access control (MAC) protocol for wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) multi-channel optical networks. The network architecture is based on a passive star topology with one tunable transmitter and receiver (TT-TR) per node. The main objective of scheduling algorithm design is to reduce the computation time while maximizing the utilization of the network resources. In this paper, we propose two scheduling schemes called SEQSAM (SEQuential Scheduling AlgorithM) and BALSAM (BALanced Scheduling AlgorithM). Let M denote the number of nodes, C the number of channels, and K the maximum number of packets transmitted by one node to another. SEQSAM uses the M × M traffic demand matrix--obtained during the reservation phase of the MAC protocol--to compute a collision-free schedule for the nodes of the network. BALSAM uses the modified MULTI-FIT algorithm (MMFT) [1] to convert the M × M matrix into a corresponding M × C matrix, which is input to the IBS (Interval Based Scheduling) algorithm [2] that schedules the requests of the nodes. The overall time complexity of SEQSAM is O(M3) compared to BALSAM algorithm's time complexity of O(M2CK + M2 + MlogM). Note that the lower bound for any scheduling algorithm operating on a M × M matrix is O(M2). A simulation-based performance study that considers network utilization, computation time, tuning latency, average packet latency and throughput for 1.2 Gbps and 2.4 Gbps data streams is presented.

[1]  Y. Ito,et al.  Analysis of a switch matrix for an SS/TDMA system , 1977, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[2]  Patrick W. Dowd,et al.  LIGHTNING network and systems architecture , 1996 .

[3]  Krishna M. Sivalingam,et al.  A lightweight media access protocol for a WDM-based distributed shared memory system , 1996, Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM '96. Conference on Computer Communications.

[4]  Chak-Kuen Wong,et al.  Minimizing the Number of Switchings in an SS/TDMA System , 1985, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[5]  Krishna M. Sivalingam,et al.  Switching Latency Impact on Star-Coupled WDM Photonic Network Pre-Allocation Protocol Performance , 1992, J. High Speed Networks.

[6]  George N. Rouskas,et al.  Dynamic load balancing in broadcast WDM networks with tuning latencies , 1998, Proceedings. IEEE INFOCOM '98, the Conference on Computer Communications. Seventeenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Gateway to the 21st Century (Cat. No.98.

[7]  Richard A. Barry,et al.  Impact of Tuning Delay on the Performance of Bandwidth-Limited Optical Broadcast Networks with Uniform Traffic , 1996, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[8]  Hyeong-Ah Choi,et al.  Efficient scheduling of transmissions in optical broadcast networks , 1996, TNET.

[9]  Krishna M. Sivalingam,et al.  Latency Hiding Strategies Of Pre-allocation Based Media Access Protocols For WDM Photonic Networks , 1993, [1993] Proceedings 26th Annual Simulation Symposium.

[10]  Charles A. Brackett,et al.  Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Networks: Principles and Applications , 1990, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[11]  Bruce E. Hajek,et al.  Scheduling nonuniform traffic in a packet switching system with small propagation delay , 1994, Proceedings of INFOCOM '94 Conference on Computer Communications.

[12]  Galen H. Sasaki,et al.  Scheduling transmissions in WDM broadcast-and-select networks , 1994, TNET.

[13]  George N. Rouskas,et al.  Scheduling of multicast traffic in tunable-receiver WDM networks with non-negligible tuning latencies , 1997, SIGCOMM '97.

[14]  Krishna M. Sivalingam,et al.  Media access protocols for WDM networks with on-line scheduling , 1996 .

[15]  Arun K. Somani,et al.  The MaTPi protocol: masking tuning times through pipelining in WDM optical networks , 1994, Proceedings of INFOCOM '94 Conference on Computer Communications.

[16]  Biswanath Mukherjee,et al.  Efficient Scheduling of Nonuniform Packet Traffic in a WDM/TDM Local Lightwave Network with Arbitrary Transceiver Tuning Latencies , 1996, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[17]  Ronald L. Graham,et al.  Bounds on Multiprocessing Timing Anomalies , 1969, SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics.

[18]  Krishna M. Sivalingam,et al.  Improved on-line scheduling algorithms for optical WDM networks , 1998, Multichannel Optical Networks: Theory and Practice.

[19]  G. Bongiovanni,et al.  An Optimal Switching Algorithm for Multibeam Satellite Systems with Variable Bandwidth Beams , 1982, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[20]  Paul E. Green,et al.  Optical Networking Update (Invited Paper) , 1996, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[21]  T. Inukai,et al.  An Efficient SS/TDMA Time Slot Assignment Algorithm , 1979, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[22]  B. Mukherjee,et al.  WDM-based local lightwave networks. I. Single-hop systems , 1992, IEEE Network.

[23]  Krishna M. Sivalingam,et al.  A multilevel WDM access protocol for an optically interconnected multiprocessor system , 1995 .

[24]  G. Bongiovanni,et al.  An Optimum Time Slot Assignment Algorithm for an SS/TDMA System with Variable Number of Transponders , 1981, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[25]  Edward G. Coffman,et al.  An Application of Bin-Packing to Multiprocessor Scheduling , 1978, SIAM J. Comput..

[26]  Aura Ganz,et al.  Efficient algorithms for SS/TDMA scheduling , 1992, IEEE Trans. Commun..