Acoustic estimation of wildlife abundance: methodology for vocal mammals in forested habitats

Habitat loss and hunting pressure threaten mammal populations worldwide, generating critical time constraints on trend assessment. This study introduces a new survey method that samples continuously and non-invasively over long time periods, obtaining estimates of abundance from vocalization rates. We present feasibility assessment methods for acoustic surveys and develop equations for estimating population size. As an illustration, we demonstrate the feasibility of acoustic surveys for African forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis). Visual surveys and vocalizations from a forest clearing in the Central African Republic were used to establish that low-frequency elephant calling rate is a useful index of elephant numbers (linear regression P < 0.001, radj.2 = 0.58). The effective sampling area was 3.22 km2 per acoustic sensor, a dramatic increase in coverage over dung survey transects. These results support the use of acoustic surveys for estimating elephant abundance over large remote areas and in diverse habitats, using a distributed network of acoustic sensors. The abundance estimation methods presented can be applied in surveys of any species for which an acoustic abundance index and detection function have been established. This acoustic survey technique provides an opportunity to improve management and conservation of many acoustically-active taxa whose populations are currently under-monitored. Resume La perte d’habitat et la pression de la chasse menacent des populations de mammiferes dans le monde entier, ce qui entraine des contraintes de temps critiques pour l’evaluation des tendances. Cette etude presente une nouvelle methode de recherche qui echantillonne sur de longues periodes de facon constante et non intrusive et qui permet d’obtenir des estimations d’abondance a partir des taux de vocalisation. Nous presentons les methodes d’evaluation de la faisabilite d’etudes acoustiques et nous developpons des equations pour estimer la taille des populations. Pour illustrer ceci, nous montrons la faisabilite d’etudes acoustiques chez les elephants de forets africains Loxodonta africana cyclotis. Nous avons utilise des etudes visuelles et des vocalisations d’une clairiere forestiere de Republique Centrafricaine pour etablir que le taux d’appel a basse frequence des elephants est un indice interessant du nombre d’elephants (regression lineaire P < 0,001, radj² = 0,58). La superficie d’echantillonnage effective etait de 3,22 km² par senseur acoustique, ce qui est une augmentation spectaculaire par rapport a la couverture des transects d’etudes par comptage des crottes. Ces resultats appuient le recours aux etudes acoustiques pour estimer l’abondance des elephants dans de vastes zones retirees et dans des habitats varies, en utilisant un reseau de senseurs acoustiques bien repartis. Les methodes d’estimation de l’abondance presentees peuvent etre appliquees a toute espece pour laquelle on a etabli un indice d’abondance acoustique et une fonction de detection. Cette technique d’etude acoustique donne la possibilite d’ameliorer la gestion et la conservation de nombreux taxons actifs au point de vue acoustique et dont les populations sont actuellement trop peu suivies.

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