The MFD and the built environment: A new perspective on traffic problems in towns

1 Travel behavior in urban areas has been widely analyzed from the demand side, while the extent 2 to which the infrastructure imposes constraints on such travel behavior and leads to delays and 3 congestion has almost never been studied. For car-based transportation, the recently developed 4 theory of the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) describes the relationship between the 5 accumulation of vehicles and their trip ending rate as a function of the infrastructure, opening the 6 door to new and meaningful studies that address the gap mentioned above. In this paper, we use 7 empirical traffic data from 42 cities around the world to estimate their MFDs, compare them with 8 respect to their functional behavior and the extent of delays, and explain the observed differences 9 as a function of the network topology, e.g. intersection density, average betweeness. We find 10 that the average betweenness centrality in a network seems to be a very clear indicator for the 11 level of traffic performance. This indicates that it is indeed possible to use some topological 12 features to predict traffic performance at the macroscopic level. 13 Loder, A., L. Ambühl, M. Menendez and K. W. Axhausen 2

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