Spatial Downscaling of Passive Microwave Data With Visible-to-Infrared Information for High-Resolution Soil Moisture Mapping

Earth observation satellites working on the range of the microwave frequencies allow deriving quantitative estimates of surface soil moisture (SM). The first two space missions ever launched to measure the Earth’s surface SM had L-band microwave sensors onboard: the ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity and NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive. Also, microwave satellites operating at C- and X-bands can provide SM information under sparse vegetated regions. While the accuracy in microwave-derived SM products available from space keeps improving (4% vol.), their spatial resolution (40 km) limits their use in most hydrological and agricultural applications. Observations at visible and infrared frequencies, in turn, have a high spatial resolution (< 1 km) but provide only indirect information on soil water content. This chapter provides an overview of existing techniques that leverage the strengths and synergies of microwave data and visible-to-infrared information for high-resolution SM sensing. Experimental results using satellite and airborne observations are presented.

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