Role of UAVs in Public Safety Communications: Energy Efficiency Perspective

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have acquired remarkable popularity, thanks to their variety of applications in numerous domains spanning from surveillance, health to agriculture and smart cities. UAVs are also enabler in wireless communication that has potential features such as ubiquitous and reliable connectivity, fast and easy deployment, adaptive altitude, higher chance of line of sight (LOS) propagation path, higher mobility and flexibility. There are numerous surveys that summarized these advantages for different situations and scenarios. However, none of these surveys discussed the role of UAVs in public safety communications from the energy efficiency perspective. In this paper, we review the existing literature for UAV communication with taking into account the energy consumption criteria, and propose a multi-layered network architecture incorporating UAVs for public safety communication. Future research directions are also discussed.

[1]  Mehdi Bagheri,et al.  Wireless Charging Techniques for UAVs: A Review, Reconceptualization, and Extension , 2018, IEEE Access.

[2]  Trung Quang Duong,et al.  An Energy-Efficient Clustering and Routing Framework for Disaster Relief Network , 2019, IEEE Access.

[3]  Gianmarco Baldini,et al.  Survey of Wireless Communication Technologies for Public Safety , 2014, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[4]  Halim Yanikomeroglu,et al.  Efficient 3-D placement of an aerial base station in next generation cellular networks , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[5]  Chao Shen,et al.  Flight Time Minimization of UAV for Data Collection Over Wireless Sensor Networks , 2018, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[6]  Kathiravan Srinivasan,et al.  Intelligent deployment of UAVs in 5G heterogeneous communication environment for improved coverage , 2017, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[7]  Brian Goldiez,et al.  A Survey of Commercial & Open Source Unmanned Vehicle Simulators , 2007, Proceedings 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[8]  Zeeshan Kaleem,et al.  QoS priority-based dynamic frequency band allocation algorithm for load balancing and interference avoidance in 3GPP LTE HetNet , 2014, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[9]  Qingqing Wu,et al.  Energy Tradeoff in Ground-to-UAV Communication via Trajectory Design , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[10]  Chuan Ma,et al.  A Reinforcement Learning Based User Association Algorithm for UAV Networks , 2018, 2018 28th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC).

[11]  Lav Gupta,et al.  Survey of Important Issues in UAV Communication Networks , 2016, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[12]  Abbas Jamalipour,et al.  Modeling air-to-ground path loss for low altitude platforms in urban environments , 2014, 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference.

[13]  Carol J. Friedland,et al.  A SURVEY OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE ( UAV ) USAGE FOR IMAGERY , 2011 .

[14]  KyungHi Chang,et al.  UE-specific Interference-Aware Open-loop Power Control in 3GPP LTE-A uplink HetNet , 2015, 2015 Seventh International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks.

[15]  C. Hugenholtz,et al.  Remote sensing of the environment with small unmanned aircraft systems ( UASs ) , part 1 : a review of progress and challenges 1 , 2014 .

[16]  Yangquan Chen,et al.  A Survey and Categorization of Small Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System Identification , 2014, J. Intell. Robotic Syst..

[17]  Yunjian Jia,et al.  A novel class-dependent back-off scheme for Machine Type Communication in LTE systems , 2013, 2013 22nd Wireless and Optical Communication Conference.

[18]  Walid Saad,et al.  Machine Learning for Wireless Connectivity and Security of Cellular-Connected UAVs , 2018, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[19]  Meng-Han Tsai,et al.  A review of rotorcraft Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developments and applications in civil engineering , 2014 .

[20]  Weili Xue,et al.  Vehicle routing problem with fuel consumption and carbon emission , 2015 .

[21]  Miao Pan,et al.  IoT Enabled UAV: Network Architecture and Routing Algorithm , 2019, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[22]  Rui Zhang,et al.  Energy-Efficient UAV Communication With Trajectory Optimization , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[23]  Jizhong Xiao,et al.  A literature review of UAV 3D path planning , 2014, Proceeding of the 11th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation.

[24]  Abbas Jamalipour,et al.  Machine Learning Inspired Sound-Based Amateur Drone Detection for Public Safety Applications , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[25]  Hoang Duong Tuan,et al.  Real-Time Optimal Resource Allocation for Embedded UAV Communication Systems , 2018, IEEE Wireless Communications Letters.

[26]  Panagiotis Papadakis,et al.  Terrain traversability analysis methods for unmanned ground vehicles: A survey , 2013, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell..

[27]  Xu Li,et al.  Drone-assisted public safety wireless broadband network , 2015, 2015 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW).

[28]  Ayse Kortun,et al.  Real-Time Deployment and Resource Allocation for Distributed UAV Systems in Disaster Relief , 2019, 2019 IEEE 20th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC).

[29]  Ayaz Ahmad,et al.  Neighbors’ interference situation-aware power control scheme for dense 5G mobile communication system , 2018, Telecommun. Syst..

[30]  Zhu Han,et al.  Machine Learning Paradigms for Next-Generation Wireless Networks , 2017, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[31]  Walid Saad,et al.  Optimal Transport Theory for Cell Association in UAV-Enabled Cellular Networks , 2017, IEEE Communications Letters.

[32]  YangQuan Chen,et al.  Autopilots for small unmanned aerial vehicles: A survey , 2010 .

[33]  Bo Hu,et al.  Energy Efficient Placement of a Drone Base Station for Minimum Required Transmit Power , 2020, IEEE Wireless Communications Letters.

[34]  Abbas Jamalipour,et al.  Amateur Drone Surveillance: Applications, Architectures, Enabling Technologies, and Public Safety Issues: Part 1 , 2018, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[35]  Tao Jiang,et al.  Deep Reinforcement Learning for Mobile Edge Caching: Review, New Features, and Open Issues , 2018, IEEE Network.

[36]  Dimitrios Zorbas,et al.  Energy Efficient Mobile Target Tracking Using Flying Drones , 2013, ANT/SEIT.

[37]  Walid Saad,et al.  Efficient Deployment of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Optimal Wireless Coverage , 2016, IEEE Communications Letters.

[38]  Walid Saad,et al.  A Tutorial on UAVs for Wireless Networks: Applications, Challenges, and Open Problems , 2018, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[39]  Richard S. Stansbury,et al.  A Survey of UAS Technologies for Command, Control, and Communication (C3) , 2009, J. Intell. Robotic Syst..

[40]  Tarik Taleb,et al.  Low-Altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-Based Internet of Things Services: Comprehensive Survey and Future Perspectives , 2016, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[41]  Zeeshan Kaleem,et al.  Android based vehicle tracking system , 2018, EAI Endorsed Trans. Energy Web.

[42]  Halim Yanikomeroglu,et al.  Efficient 3D aerial base station placement considering users mobility by reinforcement learning , 2018, 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC).

[43]  Ryu Miura,et al.  An optimal data collection technique for improved utility in UAS-aided networks , 2014, IEEE INFOCOM 2014 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications.

[44]  Walid Saad,et al.  Wireless Communication Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): Optimal Transport Theory for Hover Time Optimization , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[45]  Mubashir Husain Rehmani,et al.  Amateur Drone Monitoring: State-of-the-Art Architectures, Key Enabling Technologies, and Future Research Directions , 2017, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[46]  Guangjie Han,et al.  Routing Protocols for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles , 2018, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[47]  A. Puri.  A Survey of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ( UAV ) for Traffic Surveillance , 2005 .

[48]  Laurie G. Cuthbert,et al.  Energy-Efficient UAV Communication with Multiple GTs Based on Trajectory Optimization , 2018, Mob. Inf. Syst..

[49]  Muhammad Ali Imran,et al.  IEEE Access Special Section Editorial: Mission Critical Public-Safety Communications: Architectures, Enabling Technologies, and Future Applications , 2018, IEEE Access.

[50]  Feng Shu,et al.  User Association and Path Planning for UAV-Aided Mobile Edge Computing With Energy Restriction , 2019, IEEE Wireless Communications Letters.

[51]  Ursula Challita,et al.  Artificial Neural Networks-Based Machine Learning for Wireless Networks: A Tutorial , 2017, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[52]  Walid Saad,et al.  Machine Learning for Predictive On-Demand Deployment of Uavs for Wireless Communications , 2018, 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM).

[53]  Yohanes Khosiawan,et al.  Task scheduling system for UAV operations in indoor environment , 2016, Neural Computing and Applications.

[54]  Saad Walid,et al.  Mobile Internet of Things: Can UAVs Provide an Energy-Efficient Mobile Architecture? , 2016 .

[55]  Bin Li,et al.  UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond: Recent Advances and Future Trends , 2019, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[56]  Jaroslaw Wikarek,et al.  Capacitated vehicle routing problem with pick-up and alternative delivery (CVRPPAD): model and implementation using hybrid approach , 2017, Annals of Operations Research.

[57]  Rui Zhang,et al.  Placement Optimization of UAV-Mounted Mobile Base Stations , 2016, IEEE Communications Letters.

[58]  Halim Yanikomeroglu,et al.  On the Number and 3D Placement of Drone Base Stations in Wireless Cellular Networks , 2016, 2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall).

[59]  Hakim Ghazzai,et al.  Energy-Efficient Management of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Underlay Cognitive Radio Systems , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking.

[60]  T. Rakha,et al.  Review of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) applications in the built environment: Towards automated building inspection procedures using drones , 2018, Automation in Construction.

[61]  Long D. Nguyen,et al.  Practical Optimisation of Path Planning and Completion Time of Data Collection for UAV-enabled Disaster Communications , 2019, 2019 15th International Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC).

[62]  Luiz A. DaSilva,et al.  Deployment of UAV-mounted access points according to spatial user locations in two-tier cellular networks , 2016, 2016 Wireless Days (WD).

[63]  Walid Saad,et al.  Mobile Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Energy-Efficient Internet of Things Communications , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[64]  David W. Matolak,et al.  Wideband Air–Ground Channel Model for a Regional Airport Environment , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[65]  Mohsen Guizani,et al.  Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Survey on Civil Applications and Key Research Challenges , 2018, IEEE Access.

[66]  Halim Yanikomeroglu,et al.  3-D Placement of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Base Station (UAV-BS) for Energy-Efficient Maximal Coverage , 2017, IEEE Wireless Communications Letters.

[67]  Xiang-Gen Xia,et al.  Enabling UAV cellular with millimeter-wave communication: potentials and approaches , 2016, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[68]  Bo Ai,et al.  Measurement-Based Modeling and Analysis of UAV Air-Ground Channels at 1 and 4 GHz , 2019, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[69]  Halim Yanikomeroglu,et al.  Airborne Communication Networks: A Survey , 2018, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[70]  Jie Xu,et al.  Energy Minimization for Wireless Communication With Rotary-Wing UAV , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[71]  Mahbub Hassan,et al.  Survey on UAV Cellular Communications: Practical Aspects, Standardization Advancements, Regulation, and Security Challenges , 2018, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[72]  Ming Zhang,et al.  Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Route Planning in the Presence of a Threat Environment Based on a Virtual Globe Platform , 2016, ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf..

[73]  Nan Zhao,et al.  Learning-Based User Association in Multi-UAV Emergency Networks with Ground D2D , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops).

[74]  Weidang Lu,et al.  UAV-Assisted Emergency Networks in Disasters , 2019, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[75]  Trung Quang Duong,et al.  PS-CARA: Context-Aware Resource Allocation Scheme for Mobile Public Safety Networks , 2018, Sensors.

[76]  Trung Quang Duong,et al.  An Introduction of Real-time Embedded Optimisation Programming for UAV Systems under Disaster Communication , 2018, EAI Endorsed Trans. Ind. Networks Intell. Syst..

[77]  Wan Choi,et al.  Special issue on amateur drone and UAV communications and networks , 2018, Journal of Communications and Networks.

[78]  Lucian Busoniu,et al.  Vision and Control for UAVs: A Survey of General Methods and of Inexpensive Platforms for Infrastructure Inspection , 2015, Sensors.

[79]  Zeynep Hasirci,et al.  Propagation modeling dependent on frequency and distance for mobile communications via high altitude platforms (HAPs) , 2012, 2012 35th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP).

[80]  Alejandro Aragn-Zavala,et al.  High-altitude platforms for wireless communications , 2008 .

[81]  Ilker Bekmezci,et al.  Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs): A survey , 2013, Ad Hoc Networks.

[82]  Mohsen Guizani,et al.  Quality of Sustainability Optimization Design for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks in Disaster Areas , 2014, 2015 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM).

[83]  Lingyang Song,et al.  Joint Trajectory and Power Optimization for UAV Relay Networks , 2018, IEEE Communications Letters.

[84]  Ismail Güvenç,et al.  UAV-Enabled Intelligent Transportation Systems for the Smart City: Applications and Challenges , 2017, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[85]  Lakmal Seneviratne,et al.  A review on the platform design, dynamic modeling and control of hybrid UAVs , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS).

[86]  Iskandar,et al.  Performance Evaluation of Broadband WiMAX Services over High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) Communication Channel , 2008, 2008 The Fourth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications.

[87]  Musaed Alhussein,et al.  Joint Placement and Device Association of UAV Base Stations in IoT Networks , 2019, Sensors.

[88]  Guowei Cai,et al.  A Survey of Small-Scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Recent Advances and Future Development Trends , 2014 .

[89]  Kandeepan Sithamparanathan,et al.  Optimal LAP Altitude for Maximum Coverage , 2014, IEEE Wireless Communications Letters.

[90]  Mohamed-Slim Alouini,et al.  A Survey of Channel Modeling for UAV Communications , 2018, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[91]  Paulo Valente Klaine,et al.  Distributed Drone Base Station Positioning for Emergency Cellular Networks Using Reinforcement Learning , 2018, Cognitive Computation.

[92]  Grzegorz Bocewicz,et al.  Energy Consumption in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Review of Energy Consumption Models and Their Relation to the UAV Routing , 2018, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing.

[93]  Yijun Liu,et al.  Trajectory Optimization and Power Allocation for Multi-Hop UAV Relaying Communications , 2018, IEEE Access.

[94]  Robin R. Murphy,et al.  A review on cybersecurity vulnerabilities for unmanned aerial vehicles , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics (SSRR).

[95]  Wan Choi,et al.  UAV-Empowered Disaster-Resilient Edge Architecture for Delay-Sensitive Communication , 2018, IEEE Network.

[96]  Sofie Pollin,et al.  LTE in the sky: trading off propagation benefits with interference costs for aerial nodes , 2016, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[97]  George K. Karagiannidis,et al.  Energy-Efficient Device Discovery in D2D Cellular Networks for Public Safety Scenario , 2019, IEEE Systems Journal.

[98]  Ismail Güvenç,et al.  Trajectory Optimization in UAV-Assisted Cellular Networks under Mission Duration Constraint , 2019, 2019 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS).

[99]  Izabela Nielsen,et al.  A methodology for implementation of mobile robot in adaptive manufacturing environments , 2017, J. Intell. Manuf..

[100]  Bülent Tavli,et al.  UAV Base Station Location Optimization for Next Generation Wireless Networks: Overview and Future Research Directions , 2018, 2019 1st International Conference on Unmanned Vehicle Systems-Oman (UVS).

[101]  Siyi Wang,et al.  Performance analysis of micro unmanned airborne communication relays for cellular networks , 2014, 2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP).

[102]  Hoang Duong Tuan,et al.  Learning-Aided Realtime Performance Optimisation of Cognitive UAV-Assisted Disaster Communication , 2019, 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM).

[103]  Rui Zhang,et al.  Wireless communications with unmanned aerial vehicles: opportunities and challenges , 2016, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[104]  Abbas Jamalipour,et al.  Amateur Drone Surveillance: Applications, Architectures, Enabling Technologies, and Public Safety Issues: Part 2 , 2018, IEEE Commun. Mag..