Maximum survival capability of an aircraft in a severe windshear

This paper is concerned with guidance strategies and piloting techniques which ensure near-optimum performance and maximum survival capability in a severe windshear. The take-off problem is considered with reference to flight in a vertical plane. In addition to the horizontal shear, the presence of a downdraft is assumed.First, six particular guidance schemes are considered, namely: constant alpha guidance; maximum alpha guidance; constant velocity guidance; constant absolute path inclination guidance; constant rate of climb guidance; and constant pitch guidance. Among these, it is concluded that the best one is the constant pitch guidance.Next, in an effort to improve over the constant pitch guidance, three additional trajectories are considered: the optimal trajectory, which minimizes the maximum deviation of the absolute path inclination from a reference value, while employing global information on the wind flow field; the gamma guidance trajectory, which is based on the absolute path inclination and which approximates the behavior of the optimal trajectory, while employing local information on the windshear and the downdraft; and the simplified gamma guidance trajectory, which is the limiting case of the gamma guidance trajectory in a severe windshear and which does not require precise information on the windshear and the downdraft.The essence of the simplified gamma guidance trajectory is that it yields a quick transition to horizontal flight. Comparative numerical experiments show that the survival capability of the simplified gamma guidance trajectory is superior to that of the constant pitch trajectory and is close to that of the optimal trajectory.Next, with reference to the simplified gamma guidance trajectory, the effect of the feedback gain coefficient is studied. It is shown that larger values of the gain coefficient improve the survival capability in a severe windshear; however, excessive values of the gain coefficient are undesirable, because they result in larger altitude oscillations and lower average altitude.Finally, with reference to the simplified gamma guidance trajectory, the effect of time delays is studied, more specifically, the time delay τ1 in reacting to windshear onset and the time delay τ2 in reacting to windshear termination. While time delay τ2 has little effect on survival capability, time delay τ1 appears to be critical in the following sense: smaller values of τ1 correspond to better survival capability in a severe windshear, while larger values of τ1 are associated with a worsening of the survival capability in a severe windshear.