MRI Markers for Early Assessment of Bladder Cancer: A Review

Bladder cancer (BC) is the seventh most prevalent cancer in the United States. Accurate detection and diagnosis of BC helps clinicians to select appropriate treatment and thus increase patients’ survival rate. Multiple factors affect accurate diagnosis, including cancer staging and grading, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. The use of medical imaging techniques has been widely explored to help clinicians/physicians to more accurately localize and diagnose BC. Particularly, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been recently found to play a crucial role in BC diagnosis and staging. This paper provides an overview of recent MRI studies for BC detection and diagnosis. Namely, the paper discusses recent MRI studies for BC diagnosis and staging using different MRI-derived markers (e.g. wash-in and wash-out rates, apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)). Challenges and limitations of recent literature works and recommendation for future research paths will also be discussed.

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