What counts as (contact-induced) change

We are most grateful to our commentators for their careful reading of our Keynote Article (henceforth KA) and their incisive observations on contact-induced change, and for the many challenging and thought-provoking issues they raise. We welcome the opportunity to respond to (some of) them, especially since, perhaps not surprisingly, these are symptomatic of the very issues in the field of contact linguistics that prompted us to write this KA in the first place.

[1]  Shana Poplack,et al.  Prescription vs. praxis: The evolution of future temporal reference in French , 2009 .

[2]  Allison V. Lealess,et al.  Assessing contact-induced language change: The use of subject relative markers in Quebec English ∗ , 2011 .

[3]  Peter Auer,et al.  22. Contact-induced grammatical change: A cautionary tale , 2009 .

[4]  Nigel Vincent,et al.  Linguistic Areas: Convergence in Historical and Typological Perspective , 2006 .

[5]  Ruth King,et al.  The Lexical Basis of Grammatical Borrowing: A Prince Edward Island French case study , 2000 .

[6]  Shana Poplack,et al.  Two Generations, Two Strategies: The Fate of Bare English-Origin Nouns in Ukrainian. , 1997 .

[7]  Ricardo Otheguy,et al.  Language and Dialect Contact in Spanish in New York: Toward the Formation of a Speech Community , 2008 .

[8]  Shana Poplack,et al.  A real-time window on 19th-century vernacular French: The Récits du français québécois d'autrefois , 2007, Language in Society.

[9]  Peter Auer,et al.  Language and space : an international handbook of linguistic variation , 2009 .

[10]  S. Poplack.  The sociolinguistics dynamics of apparent convergence , 1997 .

[11]  Lyle Campbell.  Areal Linguistics: A Closer Scrutiny , 2006 .

[12]  Sarah G. Thomason,et al.  Language Contact: An Introduction , 2001 .

[13]  Ruth King,et al.  PREPOSITION STRANDING IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND FRENCH , 1990 .

[14]  Martin Elsig.  Grammatical Variation across Space and Time: The French interrogative system , 2009 .

[16]  Seemita Mohanty.  Language Contact and Change , 2010 .

[17]  Shana Poplack.  The care and handling of a mega-corpus: The Ottawa-Hull French project , 1989 .

[18]  Alfred Lameli,et al.  Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation , 2010 .

[19]  Catherine E. Travis,et al.  Testing convergence via code-switching: priming and the structure of variable subject expression , 2011 .

[20]  Shana Poplack,et al.  Elucidating the transition period in linguistic change: The expression of the future in Brazilian Portuguese , 2007 .

[21]  Raymond Mougeon,et al.  A Sociolinguistic Study of the Origins of ne Deletion in European and Quebec French , 2003 .

[22]  Carmen Silva-Corvalán.  Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles , 1996 .

[23]  Shana Poplack,et al.  Transplanted dialects and language change: question formation in Québec * , 2006 .

[24]  Deborah Schiffrin,et al.  Language change and variation , 1989 .

[25]  Rena Torres Cacoullos.  A milestone study: Structured variability as the key to unraveling (contact-induced) language change , 2011, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[26]  Sarah Thomason.  Is morphosyntactic change really rare? , 2011, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[27]  Yves Roberge.  On the distinction between preposition stranding and orphan prepositions , 2011, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[28]  Shana Poplack,et al.  Phrase-final prepositions in Quebec French: An empirical study of contact, code-switching and resistance to convergence* , 2011, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[29]  R. Mougeon,et al.  Linguistic Consequences of Language Contact and Restriction: The Case of French in Ontario, Canada , 1991 .

[30]  P. Muysken.  Another icon of language contact shattered , 2011, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[31]  G. Kaiser.  Preposition stranding and orphaning: The case of bare prepositions in French , 2011, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[32]  Martin Elsig.  Benchmark varieties and the individual speaker: Indispensable touchstones in studies on language contact , 2011, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[33]  William Labov,et al.  Towards a social science of language: papers in honour of William Labov , 1999 .