Fluctuations In Millimeter-Wave Signals Caused By Clear-Air Turbulence And Inclement Weather

Observations and theory for millimeter-wave propagation through clear-air turbulence, rain, fog, and snow are reviewed. Measurements have shown the effects of refractive and absorptive fluctuation in air. Measured quantities include the intensity, the phase difference between spaced antennas for a single electromagnetic frequency as well as phase difference at a single antenna for waves having differing frequencies. Typical statistics of these quantities are their variances, structure functions, temporal spectra, and probability distributions.

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