An improved koch snowflake fractal multiband antenna

This study proposes a compact improved Koch snowflake fractal multi-broadband planar antenna for the second generation (2G) to the fifth generation (5G), WLAN and navigation wireless applications. The device is based on the principles and structural features of conventional Koch fractal monopole antenna elements, combined with the advantages of CPW-fed structure. The proposed antenna adapted two iterations Koch snowflake fractal structure radiator with one iteration Koch snowflake fractal slot inside and a novel hexagonal resonator on its back, which covers more than ten mobile applications in three broad frequency bands with a bandwidth of 76.4% (1.4–3.13 GHz) for DCS1800, TD-SCDMA, WCDMA, LTE33-41, Bluetooth, GPS, BDS, GLONSS, GALILEO, WLAN(802.11b/g/n) frequency bands, 12% (3.37–3.8 GHz) for LTE42,43 and WiMAX frequency bands, 36.3% (4.12–5.95 GHz) for WLAN(802.11a/n) and 5G systems frequency bands. The proposed antenna was fabricated on a 1.6 mm-thick G10/FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a size of 72∗42mm2. The measurement results reveal that the omni-directional radiation patterns achieve a gain of 0.86–2.72 dBi. The good agreement between the measurement results and simulation validates the proposed design approach and satisfies the requirements for various wireless applications.