Reliability analysis of healthcare information systems: State of the art and future directions

Testing and verification of healthcare information systems is a challenging and important issue since faults in these critical systems may lead to loss of lives, and in the best cases, loss of money and reputations. However, due to the complexity of these systems, and the increasing demand for new products and new technologies in this domain, there are several methods and technologies being used for testing these systems. In this paper, we review the state of the art on testing and verification of healthcare information systems, and then we identify several open issues and challenges in the area. We divide the exiting methods into three categories: simulation based methods, formal methods, and other techniques such as semi-formal methods. Then, we discuss challenging and open issues in the domain.

[1]  Marian Verhelst,et al.  Predictive sensing in analog-to-digital converters for biomedical applications , 2013, International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems ISSCS2013.

[2]  Mahmoud Al-Qutayri,et al.  A verification methodology for a wireless body sensor network functionality , 2014, IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI).

[3]  Johannes Faber,et al.  A timed model for healthcare workflows based on CSP , 2012, 2012 4th International Workshop on Software Engineering in Health Care (SEHC).

[4]  Insup Lee,et al.  Verification of interactive software for medical devices: PCA infusion pumps and FDA regulation as an example , 2013, EICS.

[5]  S. O. Schriber,et al.  Therac 25: A New Medical Accelerator Concept , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[6]  Wouter A. Serdijn,et al.  An asynchronous event-driven data transmitter for wireless ECG sensor nodes , 2014, 2014 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) Proceedings.

[7]  Amjad Gawanmeh.  An axiomatic model for formal specification requirements of ubiquitous healthcare systems , 2013, 2013 IEEE 10th Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC).

[8]  Lui Sha,et al.  Model-Based Analysis of Wireless System Architectures for Real-Time Applications , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[9]  Jaejin Jang,et al.  Simulation-based patient flow analysis in an endoscopy unit , 2010, 2010 IEEE Workshop on Health Care Management (WHCM).

[10]  Kaamran Raahemifar,et al.  New sampling approach for wireless ECG systems with compressed sensing theory , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA).

[11]  Faïza Najjar,et al.  A Formal Specification Model of Survivability for Pervasive Systems , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications.

[12]  Mahmoud Al-Qutayri,et al.  Formalizing electrocardiogram (ECG) signal behavior in event-B , 2014, 2014 IEEE 16th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom).

[13]  Natarajan Shankar,et al.  PVS: Combining Specification, Proof Checking, and Model Checking , 1996, FMCAD.

[14]  David W. Binkley,et al.  Program slicing , 2008, 2008 Frontiers of Software Maintenance.

[15]  David Kotz,et al.  Privacy in mobile technology for personal healthcare , 2012, CSUR.

[16]  Xiaohui Liang,et al.  EPF: An Event-Aided Packet Forwarding Protocol for Privacy-Preserving Mobile Healthcare Social Networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference - GLOBECOM 2011.

[17]  Abdelouahid Derhab,et al.  Human-oriented design of secure Machine-to-Machine communication system for e-Healthcare society , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[18]  Thomas Kropf,et al.  Introduction to Formal Hardware Verification , 1999, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[19]  Fikret Yalcinkaya,et al.  Mathematical modelling of human heart as a hydroelectromechanical system , 2013, 2013 8th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO).

[20]  T. Tamura,et al.  Formal Design Methods for Reliable Computer-Aided Diagnosis: A Review , 2012, IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering.

[21]  Harold W. Thimbleby,et al.  The benefits of formalising design guidelines: a case study on the predictability of drug infusion pumps , 2013, Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering.

[22]  Jinjun Chen,et al.  A Big Picture of Integrity Verification of Big Data in Cloud Computing , 2015, Handbook on Data Centers.

[23]  Chandrasekaran Subramaniam,et al.  Actor based domain specific privacy model for U-Healthcare system , 2010, 6th International Conference on Digital Content, Multimedia Technology and its Applications.

[24]  Kevin Cooper,et al.  A simulation study to reduce nurse overtime and improve patient flow time at a hospital endoscopy unit , 2012, Proceedings Title: Proceedings of the 2012 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC).

[25]  Xiaodong Lin,et al.  SPOC: A Secure and Privacy-Preserving Opportunistic Computing Framework for Mobile-Healthcare Emergency , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[26]  Raoul Praful Jetley,et al.  A formal methods approach to medical device review , 2006, Computer.

[27]  张光河,et al.  Evaluation of ECG Random Number Generator for Wireless Body Sensor Networks Security , 2012 .

[28]  Christel Baier,et al.  Principles of model checking , 2008 .

[29]  Remigiusz J. Rak,et al.  Effective simulation of signals for testing ECG analyzer , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[30]  R. Michael Buehrer,et al.  Toward a Highly Accurate Ambulatory System for Clinical Gait Analysis via UWB Radios , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[31]  Luis Alonso,et al.  Highly reliable energy-saving mac for wireless body sensor networks in healthcare systems , 2009, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[32]  Mahmoud Al-Qutayri,et al.  Extended abstract: Theorem proving verification of privacy in WBSN for healthcare systems , 2013, 2013 IEEE 20th International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS).

[33]  D. Selvathi,et al.  Design of micro power CMOS LNA for healthcare applications , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS).

[34]  Val Jones.  Model driven development of m-health systems (with a touch of formality) , 2006, Fourth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PERCOMW'06).

[35]  Xiaohui Liang,et al.  PEC: A privacy-preserving emergency call scheme for mobile healthcare social networks , 2011, Journal of Communications and Networks.

[36]  K. L. Tsui,et al.  A simulation study to achieve healthcare service quality improvement in accident & emergency department (AED) , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Quality and Reliability.

[37]  R.M. Buehrer,et al.  A framework for the power consumption and ber performance of ultra-low power wireles swearable healthcare and human locomotion tracking systems via UWB radios , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT).

[38]  Jean-Raymond Abrial,et al.  Modeling in event-b - system and software engineering by Jean-Raymond Abrial , 2010, SOEN.

[39]  Siamak Tavakoli,et al.  Simulation-based real-time performance monitoring (simmon): A platform for manufacturing and healthcare systems , 2011, Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC).

[40]  Mohammad Maymandi-Nejad,et al.  A Fully Digital Front-End Architecture for ECG Acquisition System With 0.5 V Supply , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems.

[41]  Doan B. Hoang,et al.  Addressing the Confidentiality and Integrity of Assistive Care Loop Framework Using Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, 2011 21st International Conference on Systems Engineering.

[42]  Nicola Paoletti,et al.  Formal Modelling and Validation of Rate-Adaptive Pacemakers , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics.

[43]  P. Sánchez,et al.  A SIMULATION-ILP BASED TOOL FOR SCHEDULING ER STAFF , 2003 .

[44]  Abdelouahid Derhab,et al.  Low delay and secure M2M communication mechanism for eHealthcare , 2014, 2014 IEEE 16th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom).

[45]  Jean-Raymond Abrial,et al.  Faultless Systems: Yes We Can! , 2009, Computer.

[46]  Dominique Méry,et al.  Medical Protocol Diagnosis Using Formal Methods , 2011, FHIES.

[47]  Ming Li,et al.  Verification based ECG biometrics with cardiac irregular conditions using heartbeat level and segment level information fusion , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP).

[48]  Daibashish Gangopadhyay,et al.  Compressed Sensing System Considerations for ECG and EMG Wireless Biosensors , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[49]  Melnned M. Kantardzic.  Big Data Analytics , 2013, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[50]  Ann Blandford,et al.  Using PVS to support the analysis of distributed cognition systems , 2013, Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering.

[51]  Walter Ukovich,et al.  A Three-Level Strategy for the Design and Performance Evaluation of Hospital Departments , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems.

[52]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  ECG-Cryptography and Authentication in Body Area Networks , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[53]  Michael Witt,et al.  Extending XNAT towards a Cloud-Based Quality Assessment Platform for Retinal Optical Coherence Tomographies , 2014, 2014 14th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing.

[54]  Andrzej M. Goscinski,et al.  Selected Approaches and Frameworks to Carry out Genomic Data Analysis on the Cloud , 2015, Scalable Comput. Pract. Exp..

[55]  Leon J. Osterweil,et al.  Resource Management for Complex, Dynamic Environments , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

[56]  Jonathan P. Bowen,et al.  Formal Methods: State of the Art and New Directions , 2009 .

[57]  Mahmoud Al-Qutayri,et al.  Formal validation of QRS wave within ECG , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Research (ICTRC).

[58]  Dominique Méry,et al.  Closed-Loop Modeling of Cardiac Pacemaker and Heart , 2012, FHIES.

[59]  Mario Cannataro,et al.  Cloud Computing in Healthcare and Biomedicine , 2015, Scalable Comput. Pract. Exp..

[60]  Nima Nikzad,et al.  Model-driven adaptive wireless sensing for environmental healthcare feedback systems , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[61]  Raman Paranjape,et al.  Agent-Based Simulation of Healthcare for Type II Diabetes , 2010, 2010 Second International Conference on Advances in System Simulation.

[62]  Amr Arisha,et al.  A simulation-based decision support system to model complex demand driven healthcare facilities , 2012, Proceedings Title: Proceedings of the 2012 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC).

[63]  M. Gordon,et al.  Introduction to HOL: a theorem proving environment for higher order logic , 1993 .

[64]  Pietro Liò,et al.  Formal reasoning on qualitative models of coinfection of HIV and Tuberculosis and HAART therapy , 2010, BMC Bioinformatics.

[65]  Guixia Kang,et al.  Error rate analysis and co-operative communication for ad-hoc and sensor network to combat Rician fading based on disaster healthcare , 2012, 2012 IEEE 14th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom).

[66]  Shaoying Liu,et al.  Developing an Insulin Pump System Using the SOFL Method , 2007, 14th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC'07).

[67]  Sofiène Tahar,et al.  Formal reliability analysis of a typical FHIR standard based e-Health system using PRISM , 2014, 2014 IEEE 16th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom).

[68]  Umair Siddique,et al.  On the Formalization of Zsyntax with Applications in Molecular Biology , 2015, Scalable Comput. Pract. Exp..

[69]  Jie Shen,et al.  Resource allocation simulation on operating rooms of hospital , 2011, 2011 IEEE 18th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management.

[70]  Jan Friso Groote,et al.  Analyzing the effects of formal methods on the development of industrial control software , 2011, 2011 27th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM).

[71]  Farid Touati,et al.  Towards u-health: An indoor 6LoWPAN based platform for real-time healthcare monitoring , 2013, 6th Joint IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC).

[72]  Colleen Swanson,et al.  SoK: Security and Privacy in Implantable Medical Devices and Body Area Networks , 2014, 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.

[73]  Srinivasan Jayaraman,et al.  An improved method for digital time series signal generation from scanned ECG records , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Technology.

[74]  Debabrata Das,et al.  Selective Multicast Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (W-BAN) for Power Conservation , 2009, 2009 Annual IEEE India Conference.

[75]  Yi Zhang,et al.  Formal Verification of Medical Device User Interfaces Using PVS , 2014, FASE.

[76]  Mojib Majidi,et al.  Energy cost analyses of key management techniques for secure patient monitoring in WSN , 2011, 2011 IEEE Conference on Open Systems.

[77]  Sachchidanand Singh,et al.  Big Data analytics , 2012 .

[78]  William K. Cheung,et al.  A multi-agent resource allocation framework for patient journey shortening , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine Workshops (BIBMW).

[79]  David T. Sturrock,et al.  Introduction to Simio , 2008, Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC).

[80]  Maxine Whittaker,et al.  Issues and challenges for health information systems in the Pacific. , 2012, Pacific health dialog.

[81]  Mohammadreza Balouchestani,et al.  A high reliability detection algorithm for wireless ECG systems based on compressed sensing theory , 2013, 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[82]  Azman Bujang Masli,et al.  SOFL-based approach for requirements analysis of brain tumor treatment system , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Computer & Information Science (ICCIS).

[83]  Manoj Kumar.  Security Issues and Privacy Concerns in the Implementation of Wireless Body Area Network , 2014, 2014 International Conference on Information Technology.

[84]  M. Mitra,et al.  An ECG data compression method via R-Peak detection and ASCII Character Encoding , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Computer, Communication and Electrical Technology (ICCCET).

[85]  Norene Collins,et al.  Introduction to Arena/sup TM/ , 1993, Proceedings of 1993 Winter Simulation Conference - (WSC '93).

[86]  Shao-Jen Weng,et al.  Distributed resource allocation for healthcare systems , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics.

[87]  Mahdin Mahboob,et al.  Signalling and detection of parallel Triple Layer Wireless Sensor Networks with M-ary orthogonal modulation , 2012, 2012 19th IEEE Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology in the Benelux (SCVT).