Modeling and Control of Wind Generation and Its HVDC Delivery System

As the most developed renewable energy source, wind energy attracts the most research attentions. Wind energy is easily captured far away from the places where wind energy is used. Because of this unique characteristic of the wind, the generation and delivery systems of the wind energy need to be well controlled. The objective of this dissertation work is modeling and control of wind generation and its High Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) delivery system. First of all, modeling of the Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based wind farm is presented including dynamic models of the wind turbine, shaft system and DFIG. Detailed models of the rectifier and inverter of HVDC are given as well. Furthermore, a control scheme for rotor-side converter (RSC) and grid-side converter (GSC) is studied. A control method for the HVDC delivery system is also presented. Secondly, wind farms are prone to faults due to the remote locations. Unbalanced fault is the most frequent. Therefore, fault-ride through (FRT) of an ac connected DFIGbased wind farm is discussed in this dissertation. Dynamic responses of the wind farm under unbalanced grid conditions are analyzed including rotor current harmonics, torque pulsation and dc-link voltage ripples. Coordinated control strategy is proposed for DFIG under unbalanced fault. Thirdly, when a wind farm is connected to remote ac grids through HVDC, active power balance between DFIG-based wind farm and HVDC delivery needs to be obtained. In other words, the power delivered through HVDC should balance the varying wind power extracted from the wind farm. Therefore, control methods of DFIG and HVDC are modified. A coordinated control scheme is proposed to keep the power balance. The transmitted power through HVDC is regulated by adjusting the firing angle of the converter under dif-

[1]  V. Blasko,et al.  Operation of a phase locked loop system under distorted utility conditions , 1997 .

[2]  Lie Xu,et al.  Dynamic Modeling and Control of DFIG-Based Wind Turbines Under Unbalanced Network Conditions , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[3]  Eduard Muljadi,et al.  Understanding the unbalanced-voltage problem in wind turbine generation , 1999, Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370).

[4]  V. K. Sood,et al.  HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications of Static Converters in Power Systems , 2004 .

[5]  D. Santos-Martin,et al.  Reactive power capability of doubly fed asynchronous generators , 2008 .

[6]  M. Joorabian,et al.  An Algorithm to Design Harmonic Filters Based on Power Factor Correction for HVDC Systems , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology.

[7]  Erich Uhlmann,et al.  Power transmission by direct current , 1975 .

[8]  Lie Xu,et al.  Topologies for VSC transmission , 2001 .

[9]  Reza Iravani,et al.  Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power Systems , 2010 .

[10]  Mauricio Aredes,et al.  Analysis and Software Implementation of a Robust Synchronizing PLL Circuit Based on the pq Theory , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[11]  Quanrui Hao,et al.  The algorithm for the parameters of AC filters in HVDC transmission system , 2008, 2008 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition.

[12]  Barry W. Williams,et al.  Predictive Current Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generators , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[13]  Zhe Chen,et al.  Power-Flow Control and Stability Enhancement of Four Parallel-Operated Offshore Wind Farms Using a Line-Commutated HVDC Link , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[14]  V.G. Agelidis,et al.  VSC-Based HVDC Power Transmission Systems: An Overview , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[15]  M. Joorabian,et al.  C-type filter design based on power-factor correction for 12-pulse HVDC converters , 2008, 2008 34th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics.

[16]  Edward Wilson Kimbark,et al.  Direct current transmission. , 1971 .

[17]  Liangzhong Yao,et al.  Grid Integration of Large DFIG-Based Wind Farms Using VSC Transmission , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[18]  S.-K. Chung,et al.  Phase-locked loop for grid-connected three-phase power conversion systems , 2000 .

[19]  Lingling Fan,et al.  Control of DFIG for rotor current harmonics elimination , 2009, 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[20]  G. Asher,et al.  Frequency Control Design for Offshore Wind Farm Grid With LCC-HVDC Link Connection , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[21]  Liangzhong Yao,et al.  Large Offshore DFIG-Based Wind Farm With Line-Commutated HVDC Connection to the Main Grid: Engineering Studies , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[22]  Paul C. Krause,et al.  Analysis of electric machinery , 1987 .

[23]  Lingling Fan,et al.  Harmonic Analysis of a DFIG for a Wind Energy Conversion System , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[24]  S.K. Panda,et al.  Analysis of the Instantaneous Power Flow for Three-Phase PWM Boost Rectifier Under Unbalanced Supply Voltage Conditions , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[25]  Lie Xu,et al.  Coordinated Control of DFIG's Rotor and Grid Side Converters During Network Unbalance , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[26]  Barry W. Williams,et al.  Improved Control of DFIG Systems During Network Unbalance Using PI–R Current Regulators , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[27]  Yao Xiao,et al.  Theory for the design of C-type filter , 2004, 2004 11th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (IEEE Cat. No.04EX951).

[28]  M Mohseni,et al.  Enhanced Hysteresis-Based Current Regulators in Vector Control of DFIG Wind Turbines , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[29]  Mike Barnes,et al.  Stability of doubly-fed induction generator under stator voltage orientated vector control , 2008 .

[30]  Janaka Ekanayake,et al.  Dynamic modeling of doubly fed induction generator wind turbines , 2003 .

[31]  S. Ula,et al.  Comparative Evaluation of HVDC and HVAC Transmission Systems , 2007, 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.

[32]  O. Gomis-Bellmunt,et al.  Ride-Through Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator Under Unbalanced Voltage Sags , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[33]  Istvan Erlich,et al.  Reactive Power Capability of Wind Turbines Based on Doubly Fed Induction Generators , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[34]  R. W. De Doncker,et al.  Doubly fed induction generator systems for wind turbines , 2002 .

[35]  S.M. Muyeen,et al.  Transient Stability Analysis of Wind Generator System with the Consideration of Multi-Mass Shaft Model , 2005, 2005 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems.

[36]  J. Morren,et al.  Ridethrough of wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generator during a voltage dip , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[37]  A. Yazdani,et al.  Modeling and Stability Analysis of a DFIG-Based Wind-Power Generator Interfaced With a Series-Compensated Line , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[38]  X.I. Koutiva,et al.  Optimal integration of an offshore wind farm to a weak AC grid , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[39]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Proportional-resonant controllers and filters for grid-connected voltage-source converters , 2006 .

[40]  J. López,et al.  Wind Turbines Based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator Under Asymmetrical Voltage Dips , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[41]  Thomas Ackermann,et al.  Wind Power in Power Systems , 2005 .

[42]  Lingling Fan,et al.  Harmonic analysis of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator , 2010, IEEE PES T&D 2010.

[43]  Lie Xu,et al.  Enhanced Control and Operation of DFIG-Based Wind Farms During Network Unbalance , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[44]  Jiabing Hu,et al.  Modeling and enhanced control of DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage conditions , 2009 .

[45]  Hans-Peter Nee,et al.  Interconnection of Two Very Weak AC Systems by VSC-HVDC Links Using Power-Synchronization Control , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[46]  Geng Yang,et al.  Modeling, Analysis, and Control for the Rectifier of Hybrid HVdc Systems for DFIG-Based Wind Farms , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[47]  Lingling Fan,et al.  Modeling and control of DFIG-based large offshore wind farm with HVDC-link integration , 2009, 41st North American Power Symposium.

[48]  J. Clare,et al.  Control System for Unbalanced Operation of Stand-Alone Doubly Fed Induction Generators , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[49]  P.J. Tavner,et al.  Coordinated control of an HVDC link and doubly fed induction generators in a large offshore wind farm , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[50]  Se-Kyo Chung,et al.  A phase tracking system for three phase utility interface inverters , 2000 .

[51]  Lie Xu,et al.  Grid connection of large offshore wind farms using HVDC , 2006 .

[52]  Lie Xu,et al.  Control of an LCC HVDC system for connecting large offshore wind farms with special consideration of grid fault , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century.

[53]  J. Svensson.  Synchronisation methods for grid-connected voltage source converters , 2001 .

[54]  W.L. Kling,et al.  HVDC Connection of Offshore Wind Farms to the Transmission System , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[55]  R. Blasco-Gimenez,et al.  Control of Offshore DFIG-Based Wind Farm Grid With Line-Commutated HVDC Connection , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[56]  X.I. Koutiva,et al.  Control of an HVdc Link Connecting a Wind Farm to the Grid for Fault Ride-Through Enhancement , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[57]  Jiabing Hu,et al.  Modeling and Control of Grid-Connected Voltage-Sourced Converters Under Generalized Unbalanced Operation Conditions , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[58]  Jon Clare,et al.  Doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM converters and its application to variable-speed wind-energy generation , 1996 .

[59]  N. Mohan,et al.  Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generator Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Conditions , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[60]  Guan-Chyun Hsieh,et al.  Phase-locked loop techniques. A survey , 1996, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[61]  D. Santos-Martin,et al.  Providing Ride-Through Capability to a Doubly Fed Induction Generator Under Unbalanced Voltage Dips , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[62]  Terri Bookman,et al.  Wind energy's promise, offshore , 2005, IEEE Technology and Society Magazine.

[63]  Santiago Arnaltes,et al.  Optimal Operation of Offshore Wind Farms With Line-Commutated HVDC Link Connection , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[64]  Poul Ejnar Sørensen,et al.  Reactive power capability of a wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator , 2007 .

[65]  Walmir Freitas,et al.  Three-phase doubly fed induction generators: an overview , 2010 .

[66]  S. Arnalte,et al.  Direct Power Control Applied to Doubly Fed Induction Generator Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Conditions , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[67]  Lie Xu,et al.  Direct active and reactive power control of DFIG for wind energy generation , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[68]  A. Mullane,et al.  Modeling of the wind turbine with a doubly fed induction generator for grid integration studies , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[69]  Hui Li,et al.  An Improved Control Strategy of Limiting the DC-Link Voltage Fluctuation for a Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generator , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[70]  N. Rostamkolai,et al.  Control design of Santo Tome back-to-back HVDC link , 1993 .

[71]  J.A. Ferreira,et al.  Operation of Grid-Connected DFIG Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Condition , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[72]  Jos Arrillaga,et al.  High Voltage Direct Current Transmission , 2014 .

[73]  T. Ackermann.  Transmission Systems for Offshore Wind Farms , 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Review.