Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation Testing

3L'Oreal, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France; 4Unilever Environmental Safety Laboratory, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK; 5Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; Department of Dermatology and Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 8Beiersdorf Immunology, Cosmed Division, PGU Skin Research Center, Unnastrasse 48, 20245 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Allergy Unit, Division of . Immunology and Allergy, Clinique de Dermatologie, Hopital Cantonal Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland; ZENECA Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK; Laboratoire de Dermatochimie, Clinique Dermatologique, CHU, 67091 Strasbourg, France; INSERM UR 346, Clinique Dermatologique, Hopital Edouard Herriot, 69437 Lyon 03, France; 14Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leiden, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands

[1]  L H Kligman,et al.  In vitro model for contact sensitization: I. Stimulatory capacities of human blood-derived dendritic cells and their phenotypical alterations in the presence of contact sensitizers. , 1997, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[2]  D W Roberts,et al.  The derivation of quantitative correlations between skin sensitisation and physio-chemical parameters for alkylating agents, and their application to experimental data for sultones. , 1982, Journal of theoretical biology.

[3]  D. Liberato,et al.  Regiospecific attack of nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles on quinones derived from poison oak/ivy catechols (urushiols) and analogues as models for urushiol-protein conjugate formation. , 1981, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[4]  J. Knop,et al.  Contact allergens modulate the expression of MHC class II molecules on murine epidermal Langerhans cells by endocytotic mechanisms. , 1992, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[5]  J E Ridings,et al.  Computer prediction of possible toxic action from chemical structure: an update on the DEREK system. , 1996, Toxicology.

[6]  H. Maibach,et al.  Skin Organ Culture: Why? , 1987, International journal of dermatology.

[7]  J. Wilkinson,et al.  Differential effects of structurally unrelated chemical irritants on the density and morphology of epidermal CD1+ cells. , 1990, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[8]  D. Roberts,et al.  A quantitative structure activity/dose response relationship for contact allergic potential of alkyl group transfer agents , 1990, Contact dermatitis.

[9]  J. Tepper,et al.  Evaluation of Several Variations of the Mouse Ear Swelling Test (MEST) for Detection of Weak and Moderate Contact Sensitizers , 1993 .

[10]  D A Basketter,et al.  An alternative strategy to the use of guinea pigs for the identification of skin sensitization hazard. , 1995, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[11]  M. Kleijmeer,et al.  Antigen-bearing Langerhans cells in skin draining lymph nodes: phenotype and kinetics of migration. , 1994, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[12]  I. Kimber,et al.  Identification of contact allergens using the murine local lymph node assay: Comparisons with the buehler occluded patch test in guinea pigs , 1990, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[13]  E. Buehler,et al.  DELAYED CONTACT HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE GUINEA PIG. , 1965, Archives of dermatology.

[14]  G M Rusch,et al.  Variability of a mouse ear swelling test (MEST) in predicting weak and moderate contact sensitization. , 1990, Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[15]  A M Kligman,et al.  The identification of contact allergens by human assay. 3. The maximization test: a procedure for screening and rating contact sensitizers. , 1989, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[16]  C. Benezra,et al.  Synthesis and interaction studies of 13C labeled lactone derivatives with a model protein using 13C NMR. , 1993, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

[17]  F. Sallusto,et al.  Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha , 1994, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[18]  J Hilton,et al.  An international evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay and comparison of modified procedures. , 1995, Toxicology.

[19]  G. Trinchieri,et al.  IL-12 is expressed and released by human keratinocytes and epidermoid carcinoma cell lines. , 1994, Journal of immunology.

[20]  U. Nilsson,et al.  Air oxidation of d‐limonene (the citrus solvent) creates potent allergens , 1992, Contact dermatitis.

[21]  V. Sasseville,et al.  Recruitment of lymphocytes during cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in nonhuman primates is dependent on E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. , 1994, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[22]  R. Tigelaar,et al.  Roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in murine contact sensitivity revealed by in vivo monoclonal antibody depletion. , 1990, Journal of immunology.

[23]  D A Basketter,et al.  Skin sensitization--a critical review of predictive test methods in animals and man. , 1991, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[24]  J. Bos,et al.  Function of adhesion molecules lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on human epidermal Langerhans cells in antigen-specific T cell activation. , 1994, Journal of immunology.

[25]  D. Roberts,et al.  The value of the local lymph node assay in quantitative structure‐activity investigations , 1992, Contact dermatitis.

[26]  D. Basketter,et al.  Interlaboratory Evaluation of the Local Lymph Node Assay with 25 Chemicals and Comparison with Guinea Pig Test Data , 1991 .

[27]  Structure/activity relationships in contact allergy , 1990, International journal of cosmetic science.

[28]  D W Roberts,et al.  Structure-activity relationships for contact allergenic potential of gamma,gamma-dimethyl-gamma-butyrolactone derivatives. 2. Quantitative structure-skin sensitization relationships for alpha-substituted-alpha-methyl-gamma,gamma-dimethyl-gamma-butyrolactone s. , 1994, Chemical research in toxicology.

[29]  G. Schuler,et al.  Human and murine dermis contain dendritic cells. Isolation by means of a novel method and phenotypical and functional characterization. , 1993, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[30]  S. Nakagawa,et al.  Up-regulation of α4 integrin on activated langerhans cells: Analysis of adhesion molecules on langerhans cells relating to their migration from skin to draining lymph nodes , 1993 .

[31]  I. Kimber,et al.  The local lymph node assay: Results of a final inter‐laboratory validation under field conditions , 1992, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[32]  E. Puré,et al.  Reduced contact sensitivity reactions in mice treated with monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte function-associated molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. , 1993, Journal of immunology.

[33]  J. Rothbard,et al.  Characterization of epitopes recognized by hapten-specific CD4+ T cells. , 1995, Journal of immunology.

[34]  R. Scheper,et al.  Low allergenicity of clonidine impedes studies of sensitization mechanisms in guinea pig models , 1990, Contact dermatitis.

[35]  D. Liebler,et al.  Enzymatic activation of chemicals to toxic metabolites. , 1985, Critical reviews in toxicology.

[36]  I. Kimber,et al.  The murine local lymph node assay for identification of contact allergens: a preliminary evaluation of in situ measurement of lymphocyte proliferation , 1989, Contact dermatitis.

[37]  G. Angelini,et al.  3‐Dimethylaminopropylamine: a key substance in contact allergy to cocamidopropylbetaine? , 1995, Contact dermatitis.

[38]  F. Sinigaglia The molecular basis of metal recognition by T cells. , 1994, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[39]  D. Strunk,et al.  Expression of monoclonal antibody HECA-452-defined E-selectin ligands on Langerhans cells in normal and diseased skin. , 1994, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[40]  I. Kimber Aspects of the immune response to contact allergens: opportunities for the development and modification of predictive test methods. , 1989, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[41]  D W Roberts,et al.  Structure‐activity relationships for skin sensitisation potential of diacrylates and dimethacrylates , 1987, Contact dermatitis.

[42]  M. Ponec,et al.  Use of human skin recombinants as an in vitro model for testing the irritation potential of cutaneous irritants. , 1995, Skin pharmacology : the official journal of the Skin Pharmacology Society.

[43]  Michael K. Robinson,et al.  An Approach to Allergic Contact Sensitization Risk Assessment of New Chemicals and Product Ingredients , 1993 .

[44]  T. Gray,et al.  The murine local lymph node assay: results of an inter-laboratory trial. , 1991, Toxicology letters.

[45]  C. Benezra,et al.  Induction of tolerance to poison ivy urushiol in the guinea pig by epicutaneous application of the structural analog 5-methyl-3-n-pentadecylcatechol. , 1986, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[46]  T. Kupper Immune and inflammatory processes in cutaneous tissues. Mechanisms and speculations. , 1990, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[47]  M. Barratt,et al.  Development of an expert system rulebase for identifying contact allergens. , 1994, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[48]  G. Wulff,et al.  Über Glykoside mit lacton-bildendem Aglykon, II. Über die Struktur der antibiotisch aktiven Substanzen der Tulpe (Tulipa gesneriana L.) , 1969 .

[49]  I. Kimber,et al.  Tumour necrosis factor-alpha is required for accumulation of dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes and for optimal contact sensitization. , 1995, Immunology.

[50]  P. Cruz,et al.  Cytokine expression by epidermal cell subpopulations. , 1992, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[51]  R. Sharma,et al.  Skin metabolism of contact allergens. , 1994, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[52]  D. Roberts,et al.  Structure-activity relationships for contact allergenic potential of gamma,gamma-dimethyl-gamma-butyrolactone derivatives. 1. Synthesis and electrophilic reactivity studies of alpha-(omega-substituted-alkyl)-gamma,gamma-dimethyl-gamma-butyrolacton es and correlation of skin sensitization potential a , 1994, Chemical research in toxicology.

[53]  I. Kimber,et al.  Approaches to the identification and classification of chemical allergens in mice. , 1993, Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods.

[54]  E. Padovan,et al.  T cell immune responses to haptens. Structural models for allergic and autoimmune reactions. , 1996, Toxicology.

[55]  J. Hadgraft,et al.  Skin metabolism of topically applied compounds , 1987 .

[56]  C Benezra,et al.  A systematic search for structure-activity relationships of skin contact sensitizers: methodology. , 1985, Journal of Investigative Dermatology.

[57]  P. Das,et al.  In situ behavior of human Langerhans cells in skin organ culture. , 1995, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[58]  A. Karlberg,et al.  Contact allergy to dehydroabietic acid derivatives isolated from Portuguese colophony , 1988, Contact dermatitis.

[59]  S. Aiba,et al.  Phenotypic and functional characteristics of in vivo-activated Langerhans cells. , 1990, Journal of immunology.

[60]  D. Basketter,et al.  Investigation of the prohapten concept Cross reactions betwen 1,4‐substituted benzene derivatives in the guinea pig , 1988, Contact dermatitis.

[61]  P. Morris,et al.  Dendritic cell loss from nonlymphoid tissues after systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 1 , 1995, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[62]  C. Benezra,et al.  True cross‐sensitization, false cross‐sensitization and otherwise , 1984, Contact Dermatitis.

[63]  S. Gad,et al.  Development and validation of an alternative dermal sensitization test: the mouse ear swelling test (MEST). , 1986, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[64]  W Karcher,et al.  Assessment of QSARS for Predicting Fate and Effects of Chemicals in the Environment: An International European Project. , 1995, SAR and QSAR in environmental research.

[65]  P. Thorne,et al.  The noninvasive mouse ear swelling assay. I. Refinements for detecting weak contact sensitizers. , 1991, Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[66]  C. Hauser,et al.  Cultured epidermal Langerhans cells activate effector T cells for contact sensitivity. , 1990, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[67]  D. Basketter,et al.  Results with OECD recommended positive control sensitizers in the maximization, Buehler and local lymph node assays. , 1993, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[68]  I Kimber,et al.  The local lymph node assay: developments and applications. , 1994, Toxicology.

[69]  D. Sanderson,et al.  Computer Prediction of Possible Toxic Action from Chemical Structure; The DEREK System , 1991, Human & experimental toxicology.

[70]  T. Mosmann T Lymphocyte Subsets, Cytokines, and Effector Functions , 1992, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[71]  D. W. Sharp The sensitization potential of some perfume ingredients tested using a modified draize procedure. , 1978, Toxicology.

[72]  A. Karlberg,et al.  Interactions of allergenic hydroperoxides with proteins: a radical mechanism? , 1994, Chemical research in toxicology.

[73]  D A Basketter,et al.  Comparison of the local lymph node assay with the guinea-pig maximization test for the detection of a range of contact allergens. , 1992, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[74]  G. A. Mijnssen,et al.  PATHOGENESIS AND CAUSATIVE AGENT OF “TULIP FINGER” , 1969, The British journal of dermatology.

[75]  S. Howie,et al.  Epidermal keratinocyte production of interferon-gamma immunoreactive protein and mRNA is an early event in allergic contact dermatitis. , 1996, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[76]  D. Sauder,et al.  The role of keratinocyte cytokines in inflammation and immunity. , 1990, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[77]  D W Roberts,et al.  Correlations between skin sensitization potential and chemical reactivity for p-nitrobenzyl compounds. , 1983, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[78]  D A Basketter,et al.  Multivariate QSAR analysis of a skin sensitization database. , 1994, SAR and QSAR in environmental research.

[79]  H. Degreef,et al.  The “Codex‐E”: an expert system for contact dermatitis , 1990, Contact dermatitis.

[80]  R. Steinman,et al.  Proliferating dendritic cell progenitors in human blood , 1994, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[81]  M D Barratt,et al.  Quantitative structure-activity relationships for skin permeability. , 1995, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[82]  J. Descotes Identification of Contact Allergens: The Mouse Ear Sensitization Assay , 1988 .

[83]  A. Enk,et al.  Early molecular events in the induction phase of contact sensitivity. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[84]  S I Katz,et al.  Activation and expansion of hapten- and protein-specific T helper cells from nonsensitized mice. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[85]  U. Hacksell,et al.  Identification of 15‐Hydroperoxyabietic Acid as a Contact Allergen in Portuguese Colophony , 1988, The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology.

[86]  S. Martin,et al.  T cell recognition of haptens, a molecular view. , 1994, International archives of allergy and immunology.

[87]  W. Karcher,et al.  Predictions for existing chemicals-a multilateral QSAR project. , 1995, SAR and QSAR in environmental research.

[88]  David Basketter,et al.  The chemistry of contact allergy: why is a molecule allergenic? , 1995, Contact dermatitis.

[89]  R. Steinman,et al.  Murine epidermal Langerhans cells mature into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells in vitro , 1985, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[90]  M. Ponec,et al.  In vitro cultured human skin cells as alternatives to animals for skin irritancy screening , 1992, International journal of cosmetic science.

[91]  D. Schmitt,et al.  In vitro primary sensitization of hapten‐specific T cells by cultured human epidermal Langerhans cells—a screening predictive assay for contact sensitizers , 1996, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[92]  I Kimber,et al.  The murine local lymph node assay: a commentary on collaborative studies and new directions. , 1992, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[93]  H. Maibach,et al.  Assessment of cutaneous and ocular irritancy: a decade of research on alternatives to animal experimentation. , 1995, Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[94]  T Maurer The optimization test. , 1985, Current problems in dermatology.

[95]  M. Staquet,et al.  Development of motility of Langerhans cell through extracellular matrix by in vitro hapten contact , 1994, European journal of immunology.

[96]  I. Kimber,et al.  Cytokines and regulation of allergic sensitization to chemicals. , 1994, Toxicology.

[97]  D. Basketter,et al.  The performance of the local lymph node assay with chemicals identified as contact allergens in the human maximization test. , 1994, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[98]  V. Dixit,et al.  Keratinocytes as initiators of inflammation , 1991, The Lancet.

[99]  T. Maurer,et al.  Predictive evaluation in animals of the contact allergenic potential of medically important substances , 1979, Contact dermatitis.

[100]  D. Basketter,et al.  Further investigation of the prohapten concept: reactions to benzene derivatives in man , 1992, Contact dermatitis.

[101]  D. Roberts,et al.  Skin sensitization structure-activity relationships for phenyl benzoates. , 1994, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[102]  C. Benezra,et al.  Bihaptens with 5- and 6-methyl-substituted alkylcatechols and methylene lactone functional groups: tools for hapten (allergen or tolerogen)-protein interaction studies. , 1993, Chemical research in toxicology.

[103]  W. Mitchell Sams,et al.  Allergic Contact Dermatitis in the Guinea Pig , 1971 .

[104]  A. Enk,et al.  An essential role for Langerhans cell-derived IL-1 beta in the initiation of primary immune responses in skin. , 1993, Journal of immunology.

[105]  P. Das,et al.  Effects of contact allergens on human Langerhans cells in skin organ culture: migration, modulation of cell surface molecules, and early expression of interleukin-1 beta protein. , 1996, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[106]  J. Pober,et al.  Effects of recombinant gamma-interferon on HLA-DR and DQ expression by skin cells in short-term organ culture. , 1988, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[107]  Single injection adjuvant test. , 1985, Current problems in dermatology.

[108]  J. Streilein,et al.  Langerhans cell function dictates induction of contact hypersensitivity or unresponsiveness to DNFB in Syrian hamsters. , 1981, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[109]  D. Schmitt,et al.  In vitro primary sensitization and restimulation of hapten-specific T cells by fresh and cultured human epidermal Langerhans' cells. , 1993, Immunology.

[110]  H. Rosenkranz,et al.  Structure-activity relationships (SARs) among mutagens and carcinogens: a review. , 1986, Environmental mutagenesis.

[111]  N. Balato,et al.  Acne and allergic contact dermatitis , 1996, Contact dermatitis.

[112]  T. Kupper,et al.  Differential induction of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 in human skin by recombinant cytokines , 1993, Journal of cutaneous pathology.

[113]  S. Goerdt,et al.  Nickel chloride and cobalt chloride, two common contact sensitizers, directly induce expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule (ELAM-1) by endothelial cells. , 1993, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[114]  J. Dean,et al.  Comparison of a radioisotopic incorporation method and the mouse ear swelling test (MEST) for contact sensitivity to weak sensitizers , 1988 .

[115]  C. Benezra,et al.  13C-enriched methyl alkanesulfonates: New lipophilic methylating agents for the identification of nucleophilic amino acids of proteins by NMR. , 1992 .

[116]  Diana Anderson In Vitro Models , 1990, Drug safety.

[117]  C. Bucana,et al.  Evidence that cutaneous antigen-presenting cells migrate to regional lymph nodes during contact sensitization. , 1990, Journal of immunology.

[118]  A. Kligman Full Length ReportThe Identification of Contact Allergens by Human Assay: III. The Maximization Test: A Procedure for Screening and Rating Contact Sensitizers* , 1966 .

[119]  U. Nilsson,et al.  Contact allergy to resin acid hydroperoxides. Hapten binding via free radicals and epoxides. , 1994, Chemical research in toxicology.

[120]  Howard I. Maibach,et al.  A classification model for allergic contact dermatitis , 1994 .