Olefin Polymerization Catalyzed by Metallocenes

Abstract Metallocene-catalyzed polymerization of olefins and diolefins, including styrene and selected polar vinyl monomers, is an important new technology that in recent years has started to make significant inroads into the polyolefin marketplace. Metallocenes have broadened our knowledge of the mechanistic understanding of ZieglerNatta catalysis, stereospecific polymerization, and termination reactions. In contrast to classic ZieglerNatta catalysis, the polymerization takes place at a defined transition metal center, which allows precise control of the monomer insertion and other reaction steps. Many titanocenes, zirconocenes, and hafnocenes with various symmetries have been synthesized and found to give tailored polymers of totally different structures. Methylalumoxane or other bulky cocatalysts are the main causes for the high activities of the metallocene catalysts. Single-site catalysts have the capability of permitting the user to control polymer tacticity, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution more efficiently than in the

[1]  Lin-Xian Feng,et al.  Characterization of isotactic polypropylene prepared with dimethylsilyl bis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride supported on methylaluminoxane pretreated silica , 1999 .

[2]  G. Fuller,et al.  Elastomeric polypropylenes from unbridged 2-phenylindene zirconocene catalysts : Temperature dependence of crystallinity and relaxation properties , 1999 .

[3]  H. Abbenhuis.  Heterogenization of metallocene catalysts for alkene polymerization. , 1999, Angewandte Chemie.

[4]  A. Akimoto,et al.  Homo‐ and copolymerization of ethylene at high temperature with cationic zirconocene catalysts , 1999 .

[5]  M. Brookhart,et al.  Polymerization of Propylene by a New Generation of Iron Catalysts: Mechanisms of Chain Initiation, Propagation, and Termination , 1999 .

[6]  A. Chan,et al.  Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene with half-sandwich titanocenes , 1999 .

[7]  B. Tesche,et al.  Unusual ethylene polymerization results with metallocene catalysts supported on silica , 1999 .

[8]  Shiping Zhu,et al.  Effect of long chain branching on rheological properties of metallocene polyethylene , 1999 .

[9]  G. Britovsek,et al.  The Search for New-Generation Olefin Polymerization Catalysts: Life beyond Metallocenes. , 1999, Angewandte Chemie.

[10]  R. Mülhaupt,et al.  Copolymerization of ethene with methyl acrylate and ethyl 10-undecenoate using a cationic palladium diimine catalyst , 1999 .

[11]  R. Blom,et al.  On the sensitivity of metallocene catalysts toward molecular hydrogen during ethylene polymerization , 1999 .

[12]  G. Fink,et al.  Two different, on the same silica supported metallocene catalysts, activated by various trialkylaluminums – a kinetic and morphological study as well as an experimental investigation for building stereoblock polymers , 1999 .

[13]  S. Sivaram,et al.  A magnesium chloride supported bis(cyclopentadienyl)‐zirconium(IV) dichloride catalyst for the polymerization of ethylene , 1999 .

[14]  J. Egmond,et al.  Structure Development during Crystallization of Homogeneous Copolymers of Ethene and 1-Octene: Time-Resolved Synchrotron X-ray and SALS Measurements , 1999 .

[15]  Thomas P. Spaniol,et al.  Halbsandwich-Alkyl- und Hydridoyttriumkomplexe: einfache Synthese und Polymerisationskatalyse polarer Monomere , 1999 .

[16]  W. Kaminsky.  Metalorganic Catalysts for Synthesis and Polymerization , 1999 .

[17]  Malcolm L. H. Green,et al.  Cationic zirconocene complexes with benzyl and Si(SiMe3)3 substituted cyclopentadienyl ligands , 1999 .

[18]  Malcolm L. H. Green,et al.  Evidence for zirconocene dications in Kaminsky type catalysts , 1999 .

[19]  G. Hlatky.  Metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization: Annual review for 1996 , 1999 .

[20]  Lin-Xian Feng,et al.  ESR study on MgCl2-supported half-titanocene catalyst for syndiospecific polymerization of styrene , 1999 .

[21]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Influence of supported metallocene catalysts on polymer tacticity , 1999 .

[22]  V. Cruz,et al.  A theoretical study of the comonomer effect in the ethylene polymerization with zirconocene catalytic systems , 1998 .

[23]  Maurice Brookhart,et al.  Highly Active Iron and Cobalt Catalysts for the Polymerization of Ethylene , 1998 .

[24]  Robert M. Waymouth,et al.  Alternierende Ethen/Propen- Copolymerisation mit einem Metallocenkatalysator , 1998 .

[25]  H. Brintzinger,et al.  Alkyl exchange between aluminum trialkyls and zirconocene dichloride complexes — a measure of electron densities at the Zr center , 1998 .

[26]  Emad M. Masoud,et al.  Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene using methylaluminoxane‐activated bis(phenolato)titanium complexes , 1998 .

[27]  M. Sarsfield,et al.  Ethylene and Propylene Polymerization by a Series of Highly Electrophilic, Chiral Monocyclopentadienyltitanium Catalysts , 1998 .

[28]  G. Talarico,et al.  Highly Regioselective Transition-Metal-Catalyzed 1-Alkene Polymerizations: A Simple Method for the Detection and Precise Determination of Regioirregular Monomer Enchainments , 1998 .

[29]  F. Piemontesi,et al.  Highly Regiospecific Zirconocene Catalysts for the Isospecific Polymerization of Propene , 1998 .

[30]  W. MacKnight,et al.  Microstructure and morphology of cycloolefin copolymers , 1998 .

[31]  B. Lee,et al.  Ethylene polymerization by zirconocene compounds having ether bonds , 1998 .

[32]  M. Pigeon,et al.  Synthesis of Elastomeric Poly(propylene) Using Unsymmetrical Zirconocene Catalysts: Marked Reactivity Differences of “Rac”- and “Meso”-like Diastereomers , 1998 .

[33]  L. Abis,et al.  Effect of aluminium alkyls on the synthesis of syndiotactic polystyrene with titanium complexes/methylaluminoxane catalytic systems , 1998 .

[34]  R. Mülhaupt,et al.  Microstructure and pressure-volume-temperature properties of ethene/1-octene random copolymers , 1998 .

[35]  J. H. Teuben,et al.  Reaction of ether and thioether functionalised 1-Alkenes with the cationic permethylzirconocene olefin polymerisation catalyst [(η5-C5Me5)2ZrMe]+. Molecular structure of the insertion product [(η5-C5Me5)2ZrCH2CH(Me)CH2OEt]+ , 1998 .

[36]  G. Bazan,et al.  Synthesis of Branched Polyolefins Using a Combination of Homogeneous Metallocene Mimics , 1998 .

[37]  W. Kaminsky.  Highly active metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization , 1998 .

[38]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Fluorinated Half-Sandwich Complexes as Catalysts in Syndiospecific Styrene Polymerization , 1997 .

[39]  Malcolm L. H. Green,et al.  -bridged -cyclopentadienyl imido and amido derivatives of titanium, zirconium, niobium and molybdenum , 1997 .

[40]  R. Kleinschmidt,et al.  On the Mechanism of Stereospecific Polymerization—Development of a Universal Model to Demonstrate the Relationship Between Metallocene Structure and Polymer Microstructure , 1997 .

[41]  T. Takata,et al.  Syndiospecific propene polymerization with polymer-supported metallocene catalyst , 1997 .

[42]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Metallocenes for Polymer Catalysis , 1997 .

[43]  A. Barron,et al.  TERT-AMYL COMPOUNDS OF ALUMINUM AND GALLIUM : HALIDES, HYDROXIDES, AND CHALCOGENIDES , 1996 .

[44]  Walter Kaminsky,et al.  New polymers by metallocene catalysis , 1996 .

[45]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Photoinduced rac/meso interconversions of bridged bis(indenyl) zirconium dichlorides , 1996 .

[46]  J. Brandrup,et al.  Recycling and Recovery of Plastics , 1996 .

[47]  S. Bott,et al.  Alumoxanes as Cocatalysts in the Palladium-Catalyzed Copolymerization of Carbon Monoxide and Ethylene: Genesis of a Structure−Activity Relationship , 1996 .

[48]  G. Odian,et al.  Microstructure of ethylene-1-butene copolymers produced by zirconocene/methylaluminoxane catalysis , 1996 .

[49]  A. Segre,et al.  Propene Polymerization Promoted by C2-Symmetric Metallocene Catalysts: From Atactic to Isotactic Polypropene in Consequence of an Isotope Effect , 1996 .

[50]  D. Stalke,et al.  HYDROLYSIS OF TRIMESITYLGALLIUM AND TRIMESITYLALUMINUM : STRUCTURES ALONG A REACTION PATHWAY , 1996 .

[51]  D. Gillis,et al.  Ethylene, Styrene, and α-Methylstyrene Polymerization by Mono(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) (Cp*) Complexes of Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium: Roles of Cationic Complexes of the Type [Cp*MR2]+ (R = Alkyl) as both Coordination Polymerization Catalysts and Carbocationic Polymerization Initiators , 1996 .

[52]  M. Bochmann.  Cationic Group 4 metallocene complexes and their role in polymerisation catalysis: the chemistry of well defined Ziegler catalysts , 1996 .

[53]  G. Hlatky,et al.  Supported Ionic Metallocene Polymerization Catalysts , 1996 .

[54]  Jürgen Kopf,et al.  Ein maßgeschneidertes Metallocen für die Copolymerisation von Ethen mit sperrigen Cycloalkenen , 1995 .

[55]  A. Jerschow,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance evidence for a new microstructure in ethene-cyclopentene copolymers , 1995 .

[56]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Microstructure of polypropene samples produced with different homogeneous bridged indenyl zirconium catalysts. Clues on the structure and reactivity relation , 1995 .

[57]  F. Piemontesi,et al.  Effect of Monomer Concentration on Propene Polymerization with the rac-[Ethylenebis(1-indenyl)]zirconium Dichloride/Methylaluminoxane Catalyst , 1995 .

[58]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Hydrooligomerization of cycloolefins -a view of the microstructure of polynorbornene , 1995 .

[59]  M. C. Sacchi,et al.  Silica-supported metallocenes: stereochemical comparison between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis , 1995 .

[60]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Crystal structure and propene polymerization characteristics of bridged zirconocene catalysts , 1995 .

[61]  B. Rieger,et al.  Stereospezifische Olefinpolymerisation mit chiralen Metallocenkatalysatoren , 1995 .

[62]  D. Pappalardo,et al.  .eta.5-C5Me5TiMe3-B(C6F5)3: A true Ziegler-Natta catalyst for the syndiotactic-specific polymerization of styrene , 1995 .

[63]  N. Taylor,et al.  Elastomeric poly(propylene) : influence of catalyst structure and polymerization conditions on polymer structure and properties , 1995 .

[64]  H. Deng,et al.  Isospecific Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Initiated by Chiral Zirconocenedimethyl/Ph3CB(C6F5)4 in the Presence of Lewis Acid , 1995 .

[65]  H. Brintzinger,et al.  Origins of stereoselectivity and stereoerror formation in ansa-zirconocene-catalyzed isotactic propene polymerization. A deuterium labeling study , 1995 .

[66]  G. Coates,et al.  Oscillating Stereocontrol: A Strategy for the Synthesis of Thermoplastic Elastomeric Polypropylene , 1995, Science.

[67]  M. Farina,et al.  A stereochemical and statistical analysis of metallocene‐promoted polymerization , 1995 .

[68]  H. Cherdron,et al.  Cycloolefin-copolymere: Eine neue klasse transparenter thermoplaste† , 1994 .

[69]  S. Collins,et al.  Group-Transfer Polymerization Using Metallocene Catalysts: Propagation Mechanisms and Control of Polymer Stereochemistry , 1994 .

[70]  Tobin J. Marks,et al.  Cationic zirconocene olefin polymerization catalysts based on the organo-Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. A synthetic, structural, solution dynamic, and polymerization catalytic study , 1994 .

[71]  A. Barron,et al.  Tert-Butylaluminum Hydroxides and Oxides: Structural Relationship between Alkylalumoxanes and Alumina Gels , 1994 .

[72]  J. Chien,et al.  (η5‐Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)trimethyltitanium as a precursor for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene , 1994 .

[73]  W. Kaminsky.  Zirconocene catalysts for olefin polymerization , 1994 .

[74]  W. Milius,et al.  Verbrückte Bis(fluorenyl)komplexe des zirconiums und hafniums als hochreaktive katalysatoren bei der homogenen olefinpolymerisation. Die molekülstrukturen von (C13H9C2H4C13H9) und (η5:η5-C13H8C2H4 C13H8)ZrCl2 , 1994 .

[75]  M. Hursthouse,et al.  Synthesis of Base-Free Cationic Zirconium Methyl and Benzyl Complexes. The Crystal and Molecular Structure of {C5H3(SiMe3)2-1,3}2ZrMe(.mu.-Me)B(C6F5)3 , 1994 .

[76]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene by soluble alkoxytitanium catalysts , 1994 .

[77]  H. Roesky,et al.  Trimethyltin Fluoride: A New Fluorinating Reagent for the Preparation of Organometallic Fluorides , 1994 .

[78]  M. C. Sacchi,et al.  NMR study of the reactions in Cp2TiMeCl/AlMe3 and Cp2TiMeCl/methylalumoxane systems, catalysts for olefin polymerization , 1994 .

[79]  B. Bachmann,et al.  The Influence of Aromatic Substituents on the Polymerization Behavior of Bridged Zirconocene Catalysts , 1994 .

[80]  R. Muelhaupt,et al.  ansa-Zirconocene Polymerization Catalysts with Anelated Ring Ligands - Effects on Catalytic Activity and Polymer Chain Length , 1994 .

[81]  B. Goodall,et al.  POLYMERIZATION OF MULTICYCLIC MONOMERS USING ZIRCONOCENE CATALYSTS. EFFECTOF POLYMER MICROSTRUCTURE ON THERMAL PROPERTIES , 1994 .

[82]  M. Yamashita,et al.  Synthesis of high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) with extremely low polydispersity by the unique function of organolanthanide(III) complexes , 1993 .

[83]  M. C. Sacchi,et al.  Proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopic study of titanium metallocene-aluminoxane catalysts for olefin polymerizations , 1993 .

[84]  J. Eisch,et al.  Organometallic compounds of Group III. 52. Active sites for ethylene polymerization with titanium(IV) catalysts in homogeneous media: multinuclear NMR study of ion-pair equilibria and their relation to catalyst activity , 1993 .

[85]  P. Sozzani,et al.  Hemiisotactic polypropylene : a key point in the elucidation of the polymerization mechanism with metallocene catalysts , 1993 .

[86]  R. Mülhaupt,et al.  Comparison of maleic anhydride-grafted poly(propylene) with maleic anhydride-grafted polystyrene-block-poly(ethene-co-but-1-ene)-block-polystyrene as blend compatibilizers of poly(propylene)/polyamide-6 blends , 1993 .

[87]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Copolymerization of norbornene and ethene with homogenous zirconocenes/methylaluminoxane catalysts , 1993 .

[88]  G. Erker,et al.  The role of torsional isomers of planarly chiral nonbridged bis(indenyl)metal type complexes in stereoselective propene polymerization , 1993 .

[89]  T. Chung,et al.  Kinetic aspects of the copolymerization between .alpha.-olefins and borane monomer in Ziegler-Natta catalyst , 1993 .

[90]  J. Chien,et al.  Ethylidene(1-.eta.5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(1-.eta.5-indenyl)dichlorozirconium: synthesis, molecular structure, and polymerization catalysis , 1993 .

[91]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  High melting polypropenes by silica‐supported zirconocene catalysts , 1993 .

[92]  G. Erker,et al.  A cholestenyl-substituted bis(indenyl)zirconocene-derived homogeneous Ziegler catalyst for stereoselective propene polymerization , 1993 .

[93]  G. Coates,et al.  Enantioselective cyclopolymerization of 1,5-hexadiene catalyzed by chiral zirconocenes: a novel strategy for the synthesis of optically active polymers with chirality in the main chain , 1993 .

[94]  L. Resconi,et al.  1-olefin polymerization at bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium and -hafnium centers : enantioface selectivity , 1992 .

[95]  R. Grubbs,et al.  The development of well-defined catalysts for ring-opening olefin metathesis polymerizations (ROMP) , 1992 .

[96]  Geoffrey W. Coates,et al.  Homogeneous Ziegler-Natta polymerization of functionalized monomers catalyzed by cationic group IV metallocenes , 1992 .

[97]  S. Collins,et al.  Polymerization of propylene using supported, chiral, ansa-metallocene catalysts: production of polypropylene with narrow molecular weight distributions , 1992 .

[98]  M. Brookhart,et al.  [(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)4B]-[H(OEt2)2]+: a convenient reagent for generation and stabilization of cationic, highly electrophilic organometallic complexes , 1992 .

[99]  J. Chien,et al.  Methylaluminoxane/haloalkane as initiator system for styrene polymerization , 1992 .

[100]  W. Risse,et al.  Transition‐metal‐catalyzed vinyl addition polymerizations of norbornene derivatives with ester groups , 1992 .

[101]  W. Herrmann,et al.  Hochmolekulares Polypropylen durch maßgeschneiderte Zirconocenkatalysatoren , 1992 .

[102]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Stereospecific polymerization by metallocene/aluminoxane catalysts , 1992 .

[103]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Standardized polymerizations of ethylene and propene with bridged and unbridged metallocene derivatives: A comparison† , 1992 .

[104]  S. Collins,et al.  Group-transfer polymerization using cationic zirconocene compounds , 1992 .

[105]  Hitoshi Yamamoto,et al.  Synthesis of monodispersed high molecular weight polymers and isolation of an organolanthanide(III) intermediate coordinated by a penultimate poly(MMA) unit , 1992 .

[106]  Norbert Herfert,et al.  Elementarprozesse der Ziegler‐Katalyse, 6 Ethylen‐ und propenhomopolymerisation mit den stereorigiden katalysatorsystemen iPr[FluCp]ZrCl2/MAO und Me2Si[Ind]2ZrCl2/MAO , 1992 .

[107]  A. Rheingold,et al.  Preparation and properties of chiral titanocene and zirconocene dichloride complexes of a chiral ligand , 1992 .

[108]  R. Waymouth,et al.  Highly chemo- and stereoselective cyclopolymerization of 2-methyl-1,5-hexadiene: chain transfer via .beta.-CH3 elimination , 1992 .

[109]  K. Soga,et al.  Polymerization of propene with the heterogeneous catalyst system Et[IndH4]2ZrCl2/MAO/SiO2 combined with trialkylaluminium , 1992 .

[110]  J. R. Hanson,et al.  Organic synthesis via organometallics : K.H. Dotz and R.W. Hoffmann (Eds.), Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1991, pp. 323. DM 92. ISBN 3-528-08947-4 , 1992 .

[111]  G. Erker.  Stereoselective synthesis with zirconium complexes , 1992 .

[112]  Tobin J. Marks,et al.  Group 4 metallocene-alumoxane olefin polymerization catalysts. CPMAS-NMR spectroscopic observation of cation-like zirconocene alkyls , 1992 .

[113]  Scott Collins,et al.  The microstructure of poly(cyclopentene) produced by polymerization of cyclopentene with homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts , 1992 .

[114]  J. Chien,et al.  Olefin copolymerization with metallocene catalysts. I. Comparison of catalysts , 1991 .

[115]  J. Chien,et al.  Olefin copolymerization with metallocene catalysts. III. Supported metallocene/methylaluminoxane catalyst for olefin copolymerization , 1991 .

[116]  H. Winter,et al.  Dynamic mechanical measurement of crystallization-induced gelation in thermoplastic elastomeric poly(propylene) , 1991 .

[117]  K. Soga,et al.  Polymerization of propene with the catalyst systems composed of Al2O3‐ or MgCl2‐supported Et[IndH4]2ZrCl2 and AlR3 (R = CH3, C2H5) , 1991 .

[118]  W. Risse,et al.  THE PD2+-CATALYZED POLYMERIZATION OF NORBORNENE , 1991 .

[119]  R. F. Jordan.  Chemistry of Cationic Dicyclopentadienyl Group 4 Metal-Alky I Complexes , 1991 .

[120]  J. Atwood,et al.  Two-state propagation mechanism for propylene polymerization catalyzed by rac-[anti-ethylidene(1-.eta.5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(1-.eta.5-indenyl)] dimethyltitanium , 1991 .

[121]  G. Ricci,et al.  Recent views on the mechanism of diolefin polymerization with transition metal initiator systems , 1991 .

[122]  G. Guerra,et al.  Models for the stereospecificity in homogeneous and heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta polymerizations , 1991 .

[123]  B. Rieger,et al.  Degree of stereochemical control of racemic ethylenebis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride/methyl aluminoxane catalyst and properties of anisotactic polypropylenes , 1990 .

[124]  R. Waymouth,et al.  Enantioselective hydrogenation of olefins with homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts , 1990 .

[125]  R. Waymouth,et al.  Diastereoselectivity in the homogeneous cyclopolymerization of 1,5-hexadiene , 1990 .

[126]  G. Guerra,et al.  Possible model for chain end control of stereoregularity in the isospecific homogeneous Ziegler-Natta polymerization , 1990 .

[127]  W. Schaefer,et al.  Scandium complex [{(.eta.5-C5Me4)Me2Si(.eta.1-NCMe3)}(PMe3)ScH]2: a unique example of a single-component .alpha.-olefin polymerization catalyst , 1990 .

[128]  D. Mallin,et al.  rac-[Ethylidene(1-.eta.5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(1-.eta.5-indenyl)]dichlorotitanium and its homopolymerization of propylene to crystalline-amorphous block thermoplastic elastomers , 1990 .

[129]  Masayoshi Okubo,et al.  Makromol Chem-Macromol Symp , 1990 .

[130]  H. Yamazaki,et al.  Excellent Stereoregular Isotactic Polymerizations of Propylene with C2-Symmetric Silylene-Bridged Metallocene Catalysts , 1989 .

[131]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Asymmetric Oligomerization of Propene and 1-Butene with a Zirconocene/Alumoxane Catalyst†‡ , 1989 .

[132]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Asymmetrische Oligomerisation von Propen und 1‐Buten mit einem Zirconocen/Aluminoxan‐Katalysator , 1989 .

[133]  P. Longo,et al.  Isotactic polymerization of propene: homogeneous catalysts based on group 4 metallocenes without methylalumoxane , 1989 .

[134]  C. Pellecchia,et al.  Soluble catalysts for syndiotactic polymerization of styrene , 1989 .

[135]  J. Ewen,et al.  13C Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of poly(propylene) prepared with homogeneous catalysts , 1989 .

[136]  M. Galimberti,et al.  Asymmetric deuteration and deuteriooligomerization of 1-pentene , 1989 .

[137]  J. Chien,et al.  Metallocene-methylaluminoxane catalysts for olefin polymerizations. IV. Active site determinations and limitation of the 14CO radiolabeling technique , 1989 .

[138]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Copolymerization of cycloalkenes with ethylene in presence of chiral zirconocene catalysts , 1989 .

[139]  N. Ishihara,et al.  Stereospecific polymerization of styrene giving the syndiotactic polymer , 1988 .

[140]  A. Razavi,et al.  Syndiospecific propylene polymerizations with Group IVB metallocenes. , 1988, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[141]  W. König,et al.  Modifizierte Cyclodextrine ‐ neue, hochenantioselektive Trennphasen für die Gaschromatographie , 1988 .

[142]  A. Grassi,et al.  Microstructure of isotactic polypropylene prepared with homogeneous catalysis: stereoregularity, regioregularity, and 1,3 insertion , 1988 .

[143]  M. Hursthouse,et al.  Insertion reactions of nitriles in cationic alkylbis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium complexes: the facile synthesis of azaalkenylidene titanium complexes and the crystal and molecular structure of [(indenyl)2Ti(NCMePh)(NCPh)]BPh4 , 1988 .

[144]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Polymerization of olefins with homogeneous zirconocene/alumoxane catalysts , 1988 .

[145]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Transition metals and organometallics as catalysts for olefin polimerization , 1988 .

[146]  L. Zsolnai,et al.  ansa-metallocene derivatives : XII. Diastereomeric derivatisation and enantiomer separation of ethylenebis(tetrahydronindenyl)-titanium and -zirconium dichlorides , 1987 .

[147]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Isotactic polymerization of propene with (η-1,1'-ethylenedi-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl) zirconium dichloride combined with methylaluminoxane , 1987 .

[148]  G. C. Ofunne,et al.  Silica-supported cyclopentadienyl-rhodium(I), -cobalt(I), and -titanium(IV) complexes , 1986 .

[149]  B. Scott,et al.  Ethylene polymerization by a cationic dicyclopentadienyl zirconium(IV) alkyl complex , 1986 .

[150]  R. F. Jordan,et al.  Reactive cationic dicyclopentadienyl zirconium(IV) complexes , 1986 .

[151]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Ethylene propylene diene terpolymers produced with a homogeneous and highly active zirconium catalyst , 1985 .

[152]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Polymerisation von Propen und Buten mit einem chiralen Zirconocen und Methylaluminoxan als Cokatalysator , 1985 .

[153]  J. Ewen.  Mechanisms of stereochemical control in propylene polymerizations with soluble Group 4B metallocene/methylalumoxane catalysts , 1984 .

[154]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Influence of hydrogen on the polymerization of ethylene with the homogeneous Ziegler system bis(cyclopentadienyl) zirconiumdichloride/aluminoxane , 1984 .

[155]  J. Serwatowski,et al.  Investigations of the hydrolysis reaction mechanism of organoaluminium compounds. 1H NMR spectroscopic studies on the R3Al/H2O reaction in polar solvents , 1983 .

[156]  C. Krüger,et al.  η6-Bonded Alkylbenzenes as Novel Bridging Ligands in Dinuclear Complexes of Iron and Cobalt , 1983 .

[157]  H. Sinn,et al.  Bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirkon‐verbindungen und aluminoxan als Ziegler‐Katalysatoren für die polymerisation und copolymerisation von olefinen , 1983 .

[158]  W. Kaminsky,et al.  Halogen-free soluble Ziegler catalysts with methylalumoxan as catalyst , 1983 .

[159]  Ayusman Sen,et al.  Catalytic polymerization of acetylenes and olefins by tetrakis(acetonitrile)palladium(II) ditetrafluoroborate , 1982 .

[160]  H. Vollmer,et al.  „Lebende Polymere”︁ bei Ziegler‐Katalysatoren extremer Produktivität , 1980 .

[161]  C. Tanielian,et al.  Influence de différents catalyseurs à base d'éléments de transition du groupe VIII sur la polymérisation du norbornène , 1979 .

[162]  W. Zoller,et al.  Elementary steps in Ziegler‐Natta catalysis , 1976 .

[163]  Walter Kaminsky,et al.  Halogen‐Free Soluble Ziegler Catalysts for the Polymerization of Ethylene. Control of Molecular Weight by Choice of Temperature , 1976 .

[164]  G. P. Belov,et al.  On the character of molecular weight distribution of polyethylene produced in the presence of the homogeneous catalytic system (C5H5)2TiCl2Al(C2H5)2Cl , 1975 .

[165]  Wendell P. Long,et al.  Der Einfluß von Wasser auf die katalytische Aktivität von Bis(π‐cyclopentadienyl)titandichlorid‐Dimethylaluminiumchlorid zur Polymerisation von Äthylen , 1975 .

[166]  H. Sinn,et al.  Mehrfach durch Metalle substituierte Äthane , 1975 .

[167]  Jürgen Kopf,et al.  Notiz über die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von Al,Zr‐μ‐Chloro‐1‐[bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirkonio(IV)]‐2,2‐bis(diäthylaluminio)äthan , 1974 .

[168]  H. Vollmer,et al.  Die Bildung von Dimetalloalkylenen, eine unvermeidliche Nebenreaktion homogener ZIEGLER-Katalysatoren† , 1974 .

[169]  K. Reichert,et al.  Zur kinetik der niederdruckpolymerisation von äthylen mit löslichen ZIEGLER‐katalysatoren , 1973 .

[170]  H. Seebach,et al.  Influence of Adsorption on Industrial Grinding , 1972 .

[171]  N. Calderon.  Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cycloolefins , 1972 .

[172]  L. J. Schaad,et al.  On 1,3-dehydrobenzene , 1971 .

[173]  S. Ivanchev,et al.  Kinetic studies of ethylene polymerization in ethyl chloride. Molecular weight distribution of polyethylene , 1970 .

[174]  J. P. Hogan.  Ethylene polymerization catalysis over chromium oxide , 1970 .

[175]  H. Sinn,et al.  Beispiele für die kondensation von metallalkylen unter alkanabspaltung , 1970 .

[176]  G. Henrici-Olivė,et al.  Mechanistic studies with homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts☆ , 1969 .

[177]  A. Laubengayer,et al.  The partial hydrolysis of ethylalane compounds , 1968 .

[178]  K. Reichert,et al.  Zur Kinetik der Reduktion des Mischkatalysatorsystems Bis-Cyclopentadienyl-Titan(IV)dichlorid/Diäthylaluminiumchlorid , 1968 .

[179]  G. Henrici-Olivé,et al.  Die aktive Spezies in homogenen Ziegler‐Natta‐Katalysatoren für die Äthylenpolymerisation , 1967 .

[180]  R. G. Schultz.  The chemistry of palladium complexes. III. The polymerization of norbornene systems catalyzed by palladium chloride (1) , 1966 .

[181]  T. Fueno,et al.  A one-parameter model for isotactic polymerization based on enantiomorphic catalyst sites , 1965 .

[182]  K. Ziegler.  Folgen und Werdegang einer Erfindung Nobel‐Vortrag am 12. Dezember 1963 , 1964 .

[183]  P. Cossee,et al.  Ziegler-Natta catalysis III. Stereospecific polymerization of propene with the catalyst system TiCl3AlEt3 , 1964 .

[184]  F. Patat,et al.  Über die Wirkungsweise metallorganischer Katalysatoren , 1963 .

[185]  H. Bestian,et al.  Über die Einwirkung von Wasserstoff auf einige metallorganische Verbindungen und Komplexe , 1962 .

[186]  C. Bawn,et al.  Viscosity of branched styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers , 1962 .

[187]  B. Shaw,et al.  980. Hydrido-complexes of platinum(II) , 1962 .

[188]  P. Cossee.  The formation of isotactic polypropylene under the influence of ziegler-natta catalysts , 1960 .

[189]  J. Chien.  Kinetics of Ethylene Polymerization Catalyzed by Bis-(cyclopentadienyl)-titanium Dichloride-Dimethylaluminum Chloride1 , 1959 .

[190]  F. Patat,et al.  Zum Ablauf der Niederdruckpolymerisation der α-Olefine. Komplexpolymerisation I , 1958 .

[191]  D. Breslow,et al.  BIS-(CYCLOPENTADIENYL)-TITANIUM DICHLORIDE —ALKYLALUMINUM COMPLEXLS AS CATALYSTS FOR THE POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYLENE , 1957 .

[192]  A. Clark,et al.  Marlex Catalyst Systems , 1956 .

[193]  G. Natta.  Stereospezifische Katalysen und isotaktische Polymere , 1956 .

[194]  Hans-Dieter Martin,et al.  Das Mülheimer Normaldruck‐Polyäthylen‐Verfahren , 1955 .

[195]  P. Corradini,et al.  CRYSTALLINE HIGH POLYMERS OF α-OLEFINS , 1955 .

[196]  G. Wilkinson,et al.  Bis-cyclopentadienyl Compounds of Ti, Zr, V, Nb and Ta , 1954 .

[197]  G. S. Misra,et al.  Chain-transfer in the phenylazotriphenylmethane catalysed polymerisation of styrene in toluene , 1954 .