Porous 3D modeled scaffolds of bioactive glass and photocrosslinkable poly(ε-caprolactone) by stereolithography

Bioactive glass is known to benefit cell interactions of polymeric tissue engineering scaffolds. Most likely, the best response is obtained when the glass is on the scaffold surface without a cover. We combined a photocrosslinkable poly(e-caprolactone) resin with bioactive glass in a rapid prototyping process. Bioactive glass was homogeneously distributed through the highly porous scaffolds and their surface. Ion release measurements in simulated body fluid revealed a rapid decrease in calcium and phosphorus concentrations. The presence of calcium phosphate deposits on the surface of the composite scaffolds indicated in vitro bioactivity. The bioactive glass increased the metabolic activity of fibroblasts. Our work showed that stereolithography enables the fabrication of well-defined composite scaffolds in which the bioactive glass is homogeneously distributed on the surface and readily available for rapid ion release and cell interactions. By stereolithography, an unwanted polymer layer covering the BG particles on the scaffold surface can be successfully avoided.

[1]  Aldo R Boccaccini,et al.  PDLLA/Bioglass composites for soft-tissue and hard-tissue engineering: an in vitro cell biology assessment. , 2004, Biomaterials.

[2]  J. Currey.  The structure and mechanics of bone , 2011, Journal of Materials Science.

[3]  Jean-Pierre Kruth,et al.  Composites by rapid prototyping technology , 2010 .

[4]  L. Francis,et al.  Processing and properties of porous poly(L-lactide)/bioactive glass composites. , 2004, Biomaterials.

[5]  Larry L. Hench,et al.  Bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramic prosthetic materials , 1971 .

[6]  Robert Liska,et al.  Processing of 45S5 Bioglass® by lithography-based additive manufacturing , 2012 .

[7]  Dong-Woo Cho,et al.  Development of nano- and microscale composite 3D scaffolds using PPF/DEF-HA and micro-stereolithography , 2009 .

[8]  Aldo R Boccaccini,et al.  The pro-angiogenic properties of multi-functional bioactive glass composite scaffolds. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[9]  Robert Liska,et al.  Biomaterials based on low cytotoxic vinyl esters for bone replacement application , 2011 .

[10]  Aldo R Boccaccini,et al.  Assessment of polyglycolic acid mesh and bioactive glass for soft-tissue engineering scaffolds. , 2004, Biomaterials.

[11]  F. Melchels,et al.  Photo-Cross-Linked Poly(DL-lactide)-Based Networks. Structural Characterization by HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy and Hydrolytic Degradation Behavior , 2010 .

[12]  Jan Feijen,et al.  Preparation of flexible and elastic poly(trimethylene carbonate) structures by stereolithography. , 2011, Macromolecular bioscience.

[13]  A. Ogale,et al.  Dual curing of carbon fiber reinforced photoresins for rapid prototyping , 2002 .

[14]  F. Melchels,et al.  A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[15]  Yasuhiko Tabata,et al.  Biomaterial technology for tissue engineering applications , 2009, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[16]  D. Kaplan,et al.  Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[17]  Federica Chiellini,et al.  Highly porous polycaprolactone-45s5 bioglass? scaffolds for bone tissue engineering , 2010 .

[18]  Aldo R. Boccaccini,et al.  Bioresorbable and bioactive polymer/Bioglass® composites with tailored pore structure for tissue engineering applications , 2003 .

[19]  A. Boccaccini,et al.  Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[20]  Dietmar W Hutmacher,et al.  Scaffold-based tissue engineering: rationale for computer-aided design and solid free-form fabrication systems. , 2004, Trends in biotechnology.

[21]  Federica Chiellini,et al.  Production of Bioglass® 45S5 – Polycaprolactone composite scaffolds via salt-leaching , 2010 .

[22]  I. A. Jones,et al.  Preparation of poly(ε-caprolactone)/continuous bioglass fibre composite using monomer transfer moulding for bone implant , 2005 .

[23]  Harri Korhonen,et al.  Preparation of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based tissue engineering scaffolds by stereolithography. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[24]  Manabu Mizutani,et al.  Liquid acrylate-endcapped biodegradable poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-trimethylene carbonate). II. Computer-aided stereolithographic microarchitectural surface photoconstructs. , 2002, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[25]  Larry L. Hench,et al.  The story of Bioglass® , 2006, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[26]  A. Boccaccini,et al.  Biodegradable polyurethane composite scaffolds containing Bioglass® for bone tissue engineering , 2010 .

[27]  Aldo R Boccaccini,et al.  Effect of bioactive glasses on angiogenesis: a review of in vitro and in vivo evidences. , 2010, Tissue engineering. Part B, Reviews.

[28]  Jukka Seppälä,et al.  In vitro evaluation of poly(ε-caprolactone-co-DL-lactide)/bioactive glass composites , 2002 .

[29]  T Kitsugi,et al.  Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramic A-W. , 1990, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[30]  Andrew Y. C. Nee,et al.  Mechanical characteristics of fiber‐filled photo‐polymer used in stereolithography , 1999 .

[31]  M. C. Rowland,et al.  Photolithographic patterning of polyethylene glycol hydrogels. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[32]  Delbert E Day,et al.  Bioactive glass in tissue engineering. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[33]  Aldo R Boccaccini,et al.  A review of the biological response to ionic dissolution products from bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics. , 2011, Biomaterials.