High-speed diode laser measurements of temperature and water vapor concentration in the intake manifold of a diesel engine

A diode laser–based sensor system, utilizing absorption spectroscopy, has been developed to provide high-speed (5 kHz) simultaneous measurements of temperature and water vapor concentration in the intake manifold of a diesel engine. A fiber-coupled 1.38 µm diode laser was used to probe absorption transitions of water vapor for the high-speed gas temperature and water vapor concentration measurements. Water vapor readily absorbs in the near-infrared region, and distributed feedback diode lasers as well as optics for near-infrared region are readily available because of their use in telecommunications. Fresh charge and combustion products are the only sources of water vapor in an engine’s gas exchange path; therefore, water vapor concentration at various locations in the intake manifold is a useful measure of the recirculated exhaust gas distribution in the intake manifold. Measurements were performed on a six-cylinder Cummins diesel engine using compact fiber optic–coupled connectors. The chosen water vapor absorption transitions provided good absorption strength even without exhaust gas recirculation and water vapor concentration of as low as 0.7 vol.% could be measured with a signal-to-noise ratio of ∼35 leading to very good spectral fits. The sensor output was within 2% of the thermocouple readings and within 10% of the water vapor concentration derived from mean CO2 analyzer measurements for steady-state engine operation. For transient engine operation, the time response of the diode laser sensor was shown to be vastly superior to that of the installed thermocouple and the gas analyzer system.

[1]  P. Adomeit,et al.  Simultaneous high-speed visualization of soot luminosity and OH∗ chemiluminescence of alternative-fuel combustion in a HSDI diesel engine under realistic operating conditions , 2012 .

[2]  Ronald K. Hanson,et al.  Scanned- and fixed-wavelength absorption diagnostics for combustion measurements using multiplexed diode lasers , 1996 .

[3]  Gang Li,et al.  The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database , 2005 .

[4]  Bertrand Parvitte,et al.  Diode laser spectroscopy of H2O in the 7165– range for atmospheric applications , 2002 .

[5]  Sukesh Roy,et al.  Application of time-division-multiplexed lasers for measurements of gas temperature and CH4 and H2O concentrations at 30 kHz in a high-pressure combustor. , 2010, Applied optics.

[6]  B. Woźniak,et al.  Light absorption in sea water , 2007 .

[7]  P. Bernath,et al.  Spectra of Atoms and Molecules , 1996 .

[8]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Investigation of Mixing and Temperature Effects on HC/CO Emissions for Highly Dilute Low Temperature Combustion in a Light Duty Diesel Engine , 2007 .

[9]  Yiqun Huang,et al.  New Diesel Emission Control Strategy to Meet US Tier 2 Emissions Regulations , 2005 .

[10]  Taro Aoyama,et al.  An experimental study on premixed-charge compression ignition gasoline engine , 1995 .

[11]  Josef Humlíček,et al.  An efficient method for evaluation of the complex probability function: The Voigt function and its derivatives , 1979 .

[12]  Gregory M. Shaver,et al.  Physically-Based Volumetric Efficiency Model for Diesel Engines Utilizing Variable Intake Valve Actuation , 2011 .

[13]  Juergen Wolfrum,et al.  SIMULTANEOUS DIODE-LASER-BASED IN SITU DETECTION OF MULTIPLE SPECIES AND TEMPERATURE IN A GAS-FIRED POWER PLANT , 2000 .

[14]  Hiroshi Okano,et al.  Toyota Lean Combustion System - The Third Generation System , 1993 .

[15]  R. Reitz,et al.  Investigation of charge preparation strategies for controlled premixed charge compression ignition combustion using a variable pressure injection system , 2010 .

[16]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  A Study of the Effects of High EGR, High Equivalence Ratio, and Mixing Time on Emissions Levels in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine for PCCI Combustion , 2006 .

[17]  M. Allen,et al.  Diode laser absorption sensors for gas-dynamic and combustion flows. , 1998, Measurement science & technology.

[18]  T. Walther,et al.  Combustion exhaust measurements of nitric oxide with an ultraviolet diode-laser-based absorption sensor. , 2005, Applied optics.

[19]  A. Dreizler,et al.  High-speed PIV and LIF imaging of temperature stratification in an internal combustion engine , 2013 .

[20]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  An Advanced Internal Combustion Engine Concept for Low Emissions and High Efficiency from Idle to Max Load Using Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion , 2010 .

[21]  Ronald K. Hanson,et al.  Advanced diode laser absorption sensor for in situ combustion measurements of CO2, H2O, and gas temperature , 1998 .

[22]  B. Böhm,et al.  Analysis of the temporal flame kernel development in an optically accessible IC engine using high-speed OH-PLIF , 2010 .

[23]  Ronald K. Hanson,et al.  Rapid measurements of temperature and H2O concentration in IC engines with a spark plug-mounted diode laser sensor , 2007 .

[24]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Fuel Octane Effects in the Partially Premixed Combustion Regime in Compression Ignition Engines , 2009 .

[25]  P L Varghese,et al.  Collisional narrowing effects on spectral line shapes measured at high resolution. , 1984, Applied optics.

[26]  Walter Kauzmann,et al.  The Structure and Properties of Water , 1969 .

[27]  R. S. Williamson,et al.  Experimental Energy Levels of the Water Molecule , 2001 .

[28]  Ronald K. Hanson,et al.  Diode laser-based detection of combustor instabilities with application to a scramjet engine , 2009 .

[29]  T. Fernholz,et al.  In situ detection of potassium atoms in high-temperature coal-combustion systems using near-infrared-diode lasers. , 2002, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.

[30]  Ronald K. Hanson,et al.  In-cylinder gas temperature and water concentration measurements in HCCI engines using a multiplexed-wavelength diode-laser system: Sensor development and initial demonstration , 2007 .

[31]  Renato Lemus,et al.  Vibrational excitations in H2O in the framework of a local model , 2004 .

[32]  Jian Wang,et al.  In situ combustion measurements of CO, CO2, H2O and temperature using diode laser absorption sensors , 2000 .

[33]  E. Tomita,et al.  Cycle-resolved residual gas concentration measurement inside a heavy-duty diesel engine using infrared laser absorption , 2011 .

[34]  Robert P Lucht,et al.  Measurements of OH mole fraction and temperature up to 20 kHz by using a diode-laser-based UV absorption sensor. , 2005, Applied optics.

[35]  Yoshiaki Hattori,et al.  Abstract of technical papers presented at the 1995 JSAE spring conventionAn experimental study on premixed-charge compression ignition gasoline engine , 1995 .

[36]  Laurence S. Rothman,et al.  Total internal partition sums for molecules in the terrestrial atmosphere , 2000 .

[37]  Ed Koeberlein,et al.  Control-oriented premixed charge compression ignition combustion timing model for a diesel engine utilizing flexible intake valve modulation , 2013 .

[38]  Sukesh Roy,et al.  50-kHz-rate 2D imaging of temperature and H2O concentration at the exhaust plane of a J85 engine using hyperspectral tomography. , 2013, Optics express.

[39]  D. Splitter,et al.  Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) Heavy-Duty Engine Operation at Mid-and High-Loads with Conventional and Alternative Fuels , 2011 .

[40]  James G. Fujimoto,et al.  Wavelength-agile H2O absorption spectrometer for thermometry of general combustion gases ☆ , 2007 .

[41]  J. Gord,et al.  Diode-laser-based ultraviolet-absorption sensor for high-speed detection of the hydroxyl radical. , 2005, Optics letters.

[42]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  High speed engine gas thermometry by Fourier-domain mode-locked laser absorption spectroscopy. , 2007, Optics express.

[43]  Josef Humlíček,et al.  Optimized computation of the voigt and complex probability functions , 1982 .

[44]  Ronald K. Hanson,et al.  Development of a sensor for temperature and water concentration in combustion gases using a single tunable diode laser , 2003 .

[45]  C. Schulz,et al.  High-speed tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy for sampling-free in-cylinder water vapor concentration measurements in an optical IC engine , 2012 .