An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications.

The five-factor model of personality is a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Research using both natural language adjectives and theoretically based personality questionnaires supports the comprehensiveness of the model and its applicability across observers and cultures. This article summarizes the history of the model and its supporting evidence; discusses conceptions of the nature of the factors; and outlines an agenda for theorizing about the origins and operation of the factors. We argue that the model should prove useful both for individual assessment and for the elucidation of a number of topics of interest to personality psychologists.

[1]  G. Āllport,et al.  Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. , 1936 .

[2]  G. Āllport.  Personality: A Psychological Interpretation , 1938 .

[3]  H. Hollingworth.  Personality a psychological interpretation. , 1938 .

[4]  R. Cattell.  The Description and Measurement of Personality , 1947, Mental Health.

[5]  D. W. Fiske.  Consistency of the factorial structures of personality ratings from different sour sources. , 1949, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[6]  H. S. Sullivan.  The interpersonal theory of psychiatry , 1953 .

[7]  G. A. Miller.  THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW THE MAGICAL NUMBER SEVEN, PLUS OR MINUS TWO: SOME LIMITS ON OUR CAPACITY FOR PROCESSING INFORMATION 1 , 1956 .

[8]  C. Rogers.  On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy , 1961 .

[9]  Hans J. Eysenck,et al.  The Open and Closed Mind , 1961 .

[10]  Samuel J. Beck,et al.  The Q-Sort Method in Personality Assessment and Psychiatric Research. , 1962 .

[11]  H. Eysenck.  Biological Basis of Personality , 1963, Nature.

[12]  W. T. Norman,et al.  Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: replicated factors structure in peer nomination personality ratings. , 1963, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[13]  E. Thoma.  Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality , 1965 .

[14]  Jack Block,et al.  The challenge of response sets , 1965 .

[15]  W. Holtzman.  PERSONALITY STRUCTURE. , 1965, Annual review of psychology.

[16]  J. Loevinger,et al.  The meaning and measurement of ego development. , 1966 .

[17]  Douglas N. Jackson,et al.  Personality Research Form , 1969 .

[18]  W. T. Norman.  "TO SEE OURSELVES AS OTHERS SEE US!": RELATIONS AMONG SELF-PERCEPTIONS, PEER-PERCEPTIONS, AND EXPECTED PEER-PERCEPTIONS OF PERSONALITY. , 1969, Multivariate behavioral research.

[19]  R. Cattell,et al.  Handbook for the sixteen personality factor questionnaire (16 PF) , 1970 .

[20]  D. Jackson.  Personality research form manual , 1974 .

[21]  Richard W. Coan,et al.  The Optimal Personality , 1974 .

[22]  A. Tellegen,et al.  Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences ("absorption"), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. , 1974, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[23]  H. Eysenck,et al.  Manual of the Eysenck personality questionnaire , 1975 .

[24]  M. Bond,et al.  Universality and Distinctiveness in Dimensions of Japanese Person Perception , 1975 .

[25]  W. S. Zimmerman,et al.  The Guilford-Zimmerman temperament survey handbook : twenty-five years of research and application , 1976 .

[26]  H. Eysenck,et al.  Psychoticism as a dimension of personality , 1976 .

[27]  P. Costa,et al.  Age differences in personality structure: a cluster analytic approach. , 1976, Journal of gerontology.

[28]  J. Block.  The Eysencks and psychoticism. , 1977, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[29]  J. Guilford.  Will the real factor of extraversion-introversion please stand up? A reply to Eysenck. , 1977, Psychological bulletin.

[30]  The Structure Of The California Q-Set. , 1978, Multivariate behavioral research.

[31]  Denise C. Park,et al.  Handbook of the Psychology of Aging , 1979 .

[32]  M. Bond.  Dimensions Used in Perceiving Peers: Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Hong Kong, Japanese, American and Filipino University Students , 1979 .

[33]  J. S. Wiggins,et al.  A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. , 1979 .

[34]  J. Block,et al.  The Role of Ego-Control and Ego-Resiliency in the Organization of Behavior , 1980 .

[35]  P. Costa,et al.  Still stable after all these years: personality as a key to some issues in adulthood and old age , 1980 .

[36]  J. M. Digman,et al.  Factors In The Natural Language Of Personality: Re-Analysis, Comparison, And Interpretation Of Six Major Studies. , 1981, Multivariate behavioral research.

[37]  A. Tellegen.  Brief manual for the Differential Personality Questionnaire , 1982 .

[38]  P. Borkenau,et al.  Über die faktorielle Struktur und externe Validität einiger Fragebogen-Skalen zur Erfassung von Dimensionen der Extraversion und emotionalen Labilität. , 1982 .

[39]  Theodore Millon,et al.  Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory manual , 1983 .

[40]  Jack Block,et al.  Lives Through Time , 1983 .

[41]  Harrison G. Gough,et al.  The adjective check list manual , 1983 .

[42]  R Hogan,et al.  A socioanalytic theory of personality. , 1983, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[43]  M. Zuckerman,et al.  Sensation seeking: A comparative approach to a human trait , 1984, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[44]  D. Watson,et al.  Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. , 1984, Psychological bulletin.

[45]  Michael Harris Bond,et al.  Linking person perception to behavioural intention across cultures: The role of cultural collectivis , 1984 .

[46]  P. Costa,et al.  Updating Norman's "Adequate Taxonomy": intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaires. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[47]  John Benjafield,et al.  An historicodevelopmental analysis of the circumplex model of trait descriptive terms. , 1985 .

[48]  Paul T. Costa,et al.  Comparison of EPI and psychoticism scales with measures of the five-factor model of personality , 1985 .

[49]  M. Hyland.  Do person variables exist in different ways , 1985 .

[50]  I. B. Myers.  Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator , 1985 .

[51]  S. Krug,et al.  A Large Scale Cross-Validation of Second-Order Personality Structure Defined by the 16PF , 1986 .

[52]  J. P. Rushton,et al.  Altruism and aggression: the heritability of individual differences. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[53]  Paul T. Costa,et al.  Evaluating comprehensiveness in personality systems: The California Q‐Set and the five‐factor model , 1986 .

[54]  A. Thorne.  The press of personality: A study of conversations between introverts and extraverts. , 1987 .

[55]  E. L. Kelly,et al.  Personality and compatibility: a prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[56]  A. Caspi,et al.  Moving Against the World: Life-Course Patterns of Explosive Children , 1987 .

[57]  R. Depue,et al.  A two-dimensional threshold model of seasonal bipolar affective disorder. , 1987 .

[58]  D. Peabody,et al.  Selecting representative trait adjectives. , 1987 .

[59]  R. McCrae.  Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. , 1987 .

[60]  J. Loehlin.  Heredity, Environment, and the Structure of the California Psychological Inventory. , 1987, Multivariate behavioral research.

[61]  Niels G. Waller,et al.  Is it time for clinical psychology to embrace the five-factor model of personality? , 1987 .

[62]  Andrew L. Comrey,et al.  Cattell, Comrey, and Eysenck personality factors compared: More evidence for the five robust factors? , 1987 .

[63]  P. Costa,et al.  Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[64]  Cloninger Cr.  A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states: a reply to commentaries. , 1988 .

[65]  M. Zuckerman,et al.  What lies beyond E and N? Factor analyses of scales believed to measure basic dimensions of personality. , 1988 .

[66]  C. R. Cloninger,et al.  A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states: a reply to commentaries. , 1988, Psychiatric developments.

[67]  Fritz Ostendorf,et al.  The lexical approach to personality: A historical review of trait taxonomic research , 1988 .

[68]  S. Briggs,et al.  Shyness: Introversion or neuroticism? , 1988 .

[69]  R. Gorsuch,et al.  Number of Factors in the Personality Sphere: Does Increase in Factors Increase Predictability of Real-Life Criteria? , 1988 .

[70]  D. Funder,et al.  Friends and strangers: acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgment. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[71]  Paul T. Costa,et al.  From catalog to classification: Murray's needs and the five-factor model. , 1988 .

[72]  Aaron L. Pincus,et al.  Conceptions of personality disorders and dimensions of personality , 1989 .

[73]  D. Buss,et al.  Personality psychology : recent trends and emerging directions , 1989 .

[74]  B. Little.  Personal Projects Analysis: Trivial Pursuits, Magnificent Obsessions, and the Search for Coherence , 1989 .

[75]  Vincent Egan,et al.  The ‘big five’ dimensions of personality? Evidence from ipsative, adjectival self-attributions , 1989 .

[76]  A. Buss,et al.  Personality Traits , 1973 .

[77]  O. John.  Towards a Taxonomy of Personality Descriptors , 1989 .

[78]  L. R. Goldberg,et al.  Some determinants of factor structures from personality-trait descriptors. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[79]  Frank J. Bernieri,et al.  To predict some of the people some of the time: In search of moderators. , 1989 .

[80]  Robert R. McCrae,et al.  Why I Advocate the Five-Factor Model: Joint Factor Analyses of the NEO-PI with Other Instruments , 1989 .

[81]  P. Costa,et al.  The structure of interpersonal traits: Wiggins's circumplex and the five-factor model. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[82]  P. Costa,et al.  Rotation to Maximize the Construct Validity of Factors in the NEO Personality Inventory. , 1989, Multivariate behavioral research.

[83]  P. Costa,et al.  Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the five-factor model of personality. , 1989, Journal of personality.

[84]  S. Briggs,et al.  The Optimal Level of Measurement for Personality Constructs , 1989 .

[85]  G. Boyle.  Re-examination of the major personality-type factors in the Cattell, Comrey and Eysenck scales: Were the factor solutions by Noller et al. optimal? , 1989 .

[86]  P. Costa,et al.  Components of hostility as predictors of sudden death and myocardial infarction in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. , 1989, Psychosomatic medicine.

[87]  S. Read,et al.  Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[88]  G. Mcclearn,et al.  Four – Human Behavioral Genetics of Aging , 1990 .

[89]  G. Heck,et al.  Editorial Special Issue: Personality Language , 1990 .

[90]  J. S. Wiggins,et al.  Extension of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales to include the Big Five dimensions of personality. , 1990 .

[91]  Peter Borkenau,et al.  Comparing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: A study on the 5-factor model of personality , 1990 .

[92]  D. Buss,et al.  Toward a biologically informed psychology of personality. , 1990, Journal of personality.

[93]  O. John.  The "Big Five" factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. , 1990 .

[94]  R. McCrae.  Traits and trait names: How well is Openness represented in natural languages? , 1990 .

[95]  A. Tellegen,et al.  PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES An Alternative "Description of Personality": The Big-Five Factor Structure , 2022 .

[96]  O. John.  The Search for Basic Dimensions of Personality , 1990 .

[97]  L Cosmides,et al.  On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: the role of genetics and adaptation. , 1990, Journal of personality.

[98]  M. Bond,et al.  Exploring implicit personality theories with indigenous or imported constructs: the Chinese case. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[99]  P. Costa,et al.  Personality in adulthood , 1990 .

[100]  J. M. Digman.  PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: EMERGENCE OF THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL , 1990 .

[101]  Stephen J. Read,et al.  Traits as Goal-Based Categories: The Importance of Goals in the Coherence of Dispositional Categories , 1990 .

[102]  J. S. Wiggins,et al.  Agency and communion as conceptual coordinates for the understanding and measurement of interpersonal behavior. , 1991 .

[103]  P. Costa,et al.  Facet Scales for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness: A Revision of the NEO Personality Inventory☆ , 1991 .

[104]  R. McCrae,et al.  The five-factor model and its assessment in clinical settings. , 1991, Journal of personality assessment.

[105]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  A general model of consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception. , 1991, Psychological review.

[106]  P. Costa,et al.  The NEO Personality Inventory: Using the Five‐Factor ModeI in Counseling , 1991 .

[107]  Murray R. Barrick,et al.  THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A META-ANALYSIS , 1991 .

[108]  H. Gough,et al.  Shared variance in the California Psychological Inventory and the California Q-Set. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[109]  P. Costa.  Clinical use of the five-factor model: an introduction. , 1991, Journal of personality assessment.

[110]  D. Funder.  Global Traits: A Neo-Allportian Approach to Personality , 1991 .

[111]  E. Muten.  Self-reports, spouse ratings, and psychophysiological assessment in a behavioral medicine program: an application of the five-factor model. , 1991, Journal of personality assessment.

[112]  A. Tellegen.  Personality traits: Issues of definition, evidence, and assessment. , 1991 .

[113]  Paul T. Costa,et al.  Adjective Check List Scales and the Five-Factor Model , 1991 .

[114]  R. Hogan.  Personality and personality measurement. , 1991 .

[115]  A. Angleitner,et al.  Temperament and the Big Five factors of personality. , 1994 .