G protein-coupled time travel: evolutionary aspects of GPCR research.

The common seven-transmembrane-domain (TMD) architecture of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been preserved over a vast period of time, and highly conserved amino acid motifs and residues have evolved to establish ligand and signal transduction specificities. The mining of evolutionary data from sequenced genomes and targeted retrieved orthologs has proven helpful for understanding the physiological relevance of individual GPCRs and for interpreting the clinical significance of GPCR mutations in structural terms. Sequence analysis of GPCR pseudogenes, which are considered as genomic traces of past functions, as well as recent success in sequence analysis of GPCR genes from extinct species, provide further information. This review discusses recent advances and approaches aimed at developing a better understanding of GPCR biology based on evolutionary data.

[1]  A. IJzerman,et al.  Techniques: how to boost GPCR mutagenesis studies using yeast. , 2005, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[2]  Katrin Sangkuhl,et al.  Mutant G-protein-coupled receptors as a cause of human diseases. , 2004, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[3]  Alan Goddard,et al.  Functional analysis of heterologous GPCR signalling pathways in yeast. , 2005, Trends in biotechnology.

[4]  N. Takahata,et al.  Lineage-Specific Loss of Function of Bitter Taste Receptor Genes in Humans and Nonhuman Primates Sequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AB198983, AB199308. , 2005, Genetics.

[5]  E. Fischer,et al.  The guanine protein coupled receptor rhodopsin is developmentally regulated in the free-living stages of Schistosoma mansoni. , 2001, Molecular and biochemical parasitology.

[6]  H. Schiöth,et al.  The Repertoire of G-Protein–Coupled Receptors in Fully Sequenced Genomes , 2005, Molecular Pharmacology.

[7]  T. Branchek,et al.  Molecular cloning and characterization of a high affinity dopamine receptor (D1 beta) and its pseudogene. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[8]  Y. Iwasaki,et al.  Structure and function of heterotrimeric G proteins in plants. , 2001, Plant & cell physiology.

[9]  Jaume Bertranpetit,et al.  Nuclear Gene Indicates Coat-Color Polymorphism in Mammoths , 2006, Science.

[10]  Molly Przeworski,et al.  The Rise and Fall of the Chemoattractant Receptor GPR33* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[11]  D. Larhammar,et al.  The human Hox-bearing chromosome regions did arise by block or chromosome (or even genome) duplications. , 2002, Genome research.

[12]  Michael J Benton,et al.  Dating the Tree of Life , 2003, Science.

[13]  K. Watanabe,et al.  Molecular identification of a G protein-coupled receptor family which is expressed in planarians. , 1997, Gene.

[14]  K. Sangkuhl,et al.  Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by mutation of Tyr205: A key residue of V2 vasopressin receptor function , 2005, Human mutation.

[15]  A. Ludwig,et al.  Genome duplication events and functional reduction of ploidy levels in sturgeon (Acipenser, Huso and Scaphirhynchus). , 2001, Genetics.

[16]  Alison P Galvani,et al.  Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Δ32 HIV-resistance allele , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[17]  R F Doolittle,et al.  Determining divergence times with a protein clock: update and reevaluation. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[18]  T. Schöneberg,et al.  Functional consequences of naturally occurring DRY motif variants in the mammalian chemoattractant receptor GPR33. , 2006, Genomics.

[19]  Yang Zhang,et al.  Structure Modeling of All Identified G Protein–Coupled Receptors in the Human Genome , 2006, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[20]  Marc Parmentier,et al.  Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene , 1996, Nature.

[21]  K. Palczewski,et al.  Crystal Structure of Rhodopsin: A G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptor , 2002, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[22]  T. Branchek,et al.  The human serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine1D receptor pseudogene is transcribed. , 1995, Gene.

[23]  R. Sunahara,et al.  Transcription of a human dopamine D5 pseudogene. , 1991, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[24]  K. Peterson,et al.  Origin of the Eumetazoa: testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  John H Postlethwait,et al.  The zebrafish gene map defines ancestral vertebrate chromosomes. , 2005, Genome research.

[26]  J. Soppa,et al.  Two hypotheses ‐ one answer , 1994, FEBS letters.

[27]  M. Gerstein,et al.  Large-scale analysis of pseudogenes in the human genome. , 2004, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[28]  T. Schöneberg,et al.  Mutationally Induced Disulfide Bond Formation within the Third Extracellular Loop Causes Melanocortin 4 Receptor Inactivation in Patients with Obesity* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[29]  D. Larhammar,et al.  Numerous groups of chromosomal regional paralogies strongly indicate two genome doublings at the root of the vertebrates , 2004, Journal of Structural and Functional Genomics.

[30]  S. Peiper,et al.  From malaria to chemokine receptor: the emerging physiologic role of the Duffy blood group antigen. , 1997, Blood.

[31]  S. Waschuk,et al.  Leptosphaeria rhodopsin: bacteriorhodopsin-like proton pump from a eukaryote. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  Jianzhi Zhang,et al.  Evolutionary deterioration of the vomeronasal pheromone transduction pathway in catarrhine primates , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[33]  O. Pedersen,et al.  Prevalence of mutations and functional analyses of melanocortin 4 receptor variants identified among 750 men with juvenile-onset obesity. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[34]  Zhimin Xiang,et al.  Pharmacological characterization of 40 human melanocortin-4 receptor polymorphisms with the endogenous proopiomelanocortin-derived agonists and the agouti-related protein (AGRP) antagonist. , 2006, Biochemistry.

[35]  L. Schechter,et al.  Cloning, mRNA localization and evolutionary conservation of a human 5-HT7 receptor pseudogene. , 1999, Gene.

[36]  David E. Gloriam,et al.  The repertoire of trace amine G-protein-coupled receptors: large expansion in zebrafish. , 2005, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.

[37]  S. O’Rahilly,et al.  Mutations in the human melanocortin-4 receptor gene associated with severe familial obesity disrupts receptor function through multiple molecular mechanisms. , 2003, Human molecular genetics.

[38]  Colin N. Dewey,et al.  Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. , 2002 .

[39]  M. Meyer,et al.  Multiplex amplification of ancient DNA , 2006, Nature Protocols.

[40]  B. Trask,et al.  The sense of smell: genomics of vertebrate odorant receptors. , 2002, Human molecular genetics.

[41]  Jianzhi Zhang,et al.  Relaxation of selective constraint and loss of function in the evolution of human bitter taste receptor genes. , 2004, Human molecular genetics.

[42]  James R Broach,et al.  Creation of GPCR-based chemical sensors by directed evolution in yeast. , 2006, Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS.

[43]  L. Prézeau,et al.  Evolution, structure, and activation mechanism of family 3/C G-protein-coupled receptors. , 2003, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[44]  S. Hummel,et al.  Detection of the CCR5-Δ32 HIV resistance gene in Bronze Age skeletons , 2005, Genes and Immunity.

[45]  M. Pausch,et al.  G-protein-coupled receptors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: high-throughput screening assays for drug discovery. , 1997, Trends in biotechnology.

[46]  F. Contaldo,et al.  Six novel mutations in the proopiomelanocortin and melanocortin receptor 4 genes in severely obese adults living in southern Italy. , 2005, Clinical chemistry.

[47]  E. Elion,et al.  Pheromone response, mating and cell biology. , 2000, Current opinion in microbiology.

[48]  I. Gaillard,et al.  Amino-acid changes acquired during evolution by olfactory receptor 912-93 modify the specificity of odorant recognition. , 2004, Human molecular genetics.

[49]  P. Devreotes,et al.  Social senses: G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways in Dictyostelium discoideum. , 1996, Chemistry & biology.

[50]  A. Tierney.  Structure and function of invertebrate 5-HT receptors: a review. , 2001, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.

[51]  M. Burghammer,et al.  Crystals of native and modified bovine rhodopsins and their heavy atom derivatives. , 2004, Journal of molecular biology.

[52]  H. Innan,et al.  Relaxed selective pressure on an essential component of pheromone transduction in primate evolution , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[53]  Timothy B Sackton,et al.  A Scan for Positively Selected Genes in the Genomes of Humans and Chimpanzees , 2005, PLoS biology.

[54]  Tim Cheetham,et al.  Clinical spectrum of obesity and mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[55]  D. Perez.  The evolutionarily triumphant G-protein-coupled receptor. , 2003, Molecular pharmacology.

[56]  J. Baldwin.  The probable arrangement of the helices in G protein‐coupled receptors. , 1993, The EMBO journal.

[57]  P. Mombaerts,et al.  The human repertoire of odorant receptor genes and pseudogenes. , 2001, Annual review of genomics and human genetics.

[58]  T. Schöneberg,et al.  The Structural Evolution of a P2Y-like G-protein-coupled Receptor* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[59]  Oleg A. Sineshchekov,et al.  Two rhodopsins mediate phototaxis to low- and high-intensity light in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[60]  M. O'Shea,et al.  Neuronal Expression of Neural Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) Protein Is Suppressed by an Antisense RNA Transcribed from an NOS Pseudogene , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[61]  D. Larhammar,et al.  Evolution of the neuropeptide Y receptor family: gene and chromosome duplications deduced from the cloning and mapping of the five receptor subtype genes in pig. , 2000, Genome research.