Neuropsychology and neuroimaging studies in alcohol-dependence

30 ans de recherche en neuropsychologie et en imagerie cerebrale sur l’alcoolo-dependanceLes travaux de neuropsychologie et de neuroimagerie menes dans l’alcoolo-dependance ont montre des profils d’atteintes specifiques. Les effets de la consommation chronique et excessive d’alcool se caracterisent par une atteinte du circuit frontocerebelleux et du systeme limbique. Ces dysfonctionnements cerebraux se traduisent par une alteration des fonctions executives, des capacites visuo-spatiales et de l’equilibre. La combinaison des explorations en imagerie fonctionnelle, structurale et en neuropsychologie a permis de mettre en evidence que, lorsqu’ils sont capables d’acquerir un niveau de performance equivalent a celui des sujets sains, les patients alcool-dependants recrutent des regions cerebrales non activees par les sujets controles, faisant ainsi appel a des ressources necessaires aux traitements multitâches. Les etudes menees chez l’animal sont complementaires des travaux conduits chez l’humain et permettent de mieux comprendre la neuropathologie des effets de la consommation d’alcool, leurs ramifications fonctionnelles, les facteurs (âge, nutrition, histoire familiale, sexe, modalites de consommation d’alcool) contribuant a l’heterogeneite des effets de l’alcool, et les mecanismes sous-tendant la recuperation avec l’abstinence et la progression de la maladie avec la poursuite de la consommation d’alcool.

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