A Review on Recent Advances in Doppler Radar Sensors for Noncontact Healthcare Monitoring

This paper reviews recent advances in biomedical and healthcare applications of Doppler radar that remotely detects heartbeat and respiration of a human subject. In the last decade, new front-end architectures, baseband signal processing methods, and system-level integrations have been proposed by many researchers in this field to improve the detection accuracy and robustness. The advantages of noncontact detection have drawn interests in various applications, such as energy smart home, baby monitor, cardiopulmonary activity assessment, and tumor tracking. While many of the reported systems were bench-top prototypes for concept verification, several portable systems and integrated radar chips have been demonstrated. This paper reviews different architectures, baseband signal processing, and system implementations. Validations of this technology in a clinical environment will also be discussed.

[1]  A. Singh,et al.  Respiratory Monitoring and Clutter Rejection Using a CW Doppler Radar With Passive RF Tags , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[2]  Aly E. Fathy,et al.  Development and Implementation of a Real-Time See-Through-Wall Radar System Based on FPGA , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[3]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS and BiCMOS single-chip direct-conversion Doppler radars for remote sensing of vital signs , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.02CH37315).

[4]  Olga Boric-Lubecke,et al.  DC coupled Doppler radar physiological monitor , 2011, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[5]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Wireless Non-Contact Detection of Heartbeat and Respiration Using Low-Power Microwave Radar Sensor , 2007, 2007 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference.

[6]  O. Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Non-Contact Cardiopulmonary Sensing with a Baby Monitor , 2007, 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[7]  Tzyy-Sheng Horng,et al.  A Novel Vital-Sign Sensor Based on a Self-Injection-Locked Oscillator , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[8]  Olga Boric-Lubecke,et al.  A coherent low IF receiver architecture for Doppler radar motion detector used in life signs monitoring , 2010, 2010 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS).

[9]  Yan Yan,et al.  A flip-chip-packaged and fully integrated 60 GHz CMOS micro-radar sensor for heartbeat and mechanical vibration detections , 2012, 2012 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium.

[10]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  Radar motion sensing for accurate tumor tracking in radiation therapy , 2011, WAMICON 2011 Conference Proceedings.

[11]  O. Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Microwave non-invasive sensing of respiratory tidal volume , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[12]  J.C. Lin.  Noninvasive microwave measurement of respiration , 1975, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[13]  O. Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Dual-Frequency Technique for Assessment of Cardiopulmonary Effective RCS and Displacement , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[14]  A. Cmos,et al.  A 5 GHz Double-Sideband Radar Sensor Chip in 0.18 m CMOS for Non-Contact Vital Sign Detection , 2008 .

[15]  Olga Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Cancellation of unwanted motion in a handheld Doppler radar used for non-contact life sign monitoring , 2008, 2008 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[16]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  Accurate Respiration Measurement Using DC-Coupled Continuous-Wave Radar Sensor for Motion-Adaptive Cancer Radiotherapy , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[17]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  Frequency-tuning technique for remote detection of heartbeat and respiration using low-power double-sideband transmission in the ka-band , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[18]  Changzhan Gu,et al.  DC coupled CW radar sensor using fine-tuning adaptive feedback loop , 2012 .

[19]  Jiangtao Huangfu,et al.  An instruments-built Doppler radar for sensing vital signs , 2008, 2008 8th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory.

[20]  Byung-Kwon Park,et al.  Experimental Evaluation of Multiple Antenna Techniques for Remote Sensing of Physiological Motion , 2007, 2007 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[21]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  Range correlation and I/Q performance benefits in single-chip silicon Doppler radars for noncontact cardiopulmonary monitoring , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[22]  R. Kerbl,et al.  wiener klinische wochenschrift the middle european journal of medicine 115 , 2009 .

[23]  Victor Lubecke,et al.  Respiratory monitoring using a doppler radar with passive harmonic tags to reduce interference from environmental clutter , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[24]  Huey-Ru Chuang,et al.  Automatic clutter-canceler for microwave life-detection systems , 1991 .

[25]  Kun-mu Chen,et al.  An X-Band Microwave Life-Detection System , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[26]  Andrew Gerald Stove,et al.  Linear FMCW radar techniques , 1992 .

[27]  I. Mostafanezhad,et al.  An RF Based Analog Linear Demodulator , 2011, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[28]  Hao Lv,et al.  A New Method for Non-Line-of-Sight Vital Sign Monitoring Based on Developed Adaptive Line Enhancer Using Low Centre Frequency UWB Radar , 2013 .

[29]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Null point elimination using RF phase shifter in continuous-wave Doppler radar system , 2011 .

[30]  Changzhi Li,et al.  A 5GHz Double-Sideband Radar Sensor Chip in 0.18 $\mu$m CMOS for Non-Contact Vital Sign Detection , 2008, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[31]  V. Lubecke,et al.  Fish Heart Rate Monitoring by Body-Contact Doppler Radar , 2013, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[32]  Yong Huang,et al.  Microwave life-detection systems for searching human subjects under earthquake rubble or behind barrier , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[33]  Olga Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Blind source separation of human body motion using direct conversion Doppler radar , 2008, 2008 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[34]  Christine Barthod,et al.  Design and development of a mechatronic infant torso simulator for respiratory physiotherapy learning , 2012 .

[35]  Jiang Long,et al.  Instrument-Based Noncontact Doppler Radar Vital Sign Detection System Using Heterodyne Digital Quadrature Demodulation Architecture , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[36]  D H Evans,et al.  Compensation for phase and amplitude imbalance in quadrature Doppler signals. , 1996, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[37]  Noah Hafner,et al.  A data efficient method for characterization of chameleon tongue motion using Doppler radar , 2012, 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[38]  A. C. Raptis,et al.  Compact Millimeter-Wave Sensor for Remote Monitoring of Vital Signs , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[39]  Danilo P. Mandic,et al.  Application of empirical mode decomposition in removing fidgeting interference in doppler radar life signs monitoring devices , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[40]  Changzhi Li,et al.  High-Sensitivity Software-Configurable 5.8-GHz Radar Sensor Receiver Chip in 0.13-$\mu$ m CMOS for Noncontact Vital Sign Detection , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[41]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  Optimal Carrier Frequency of Non-contact Vital Sign Detectors , 2007, 2007 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium.

[42]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Verification of a non-contact vital sign monitoring system using an infant simulator , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[43]  Victor Lubecke,et al.  Activity monitoring and motion classification of the lizard Chamaeleo jacksonii using multiple Doppler radars , 2012, 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[44]  J. Lin,et al.  Experiment and Spectral Analysis of a Low-Power $Ka$-Band Heartbeat Detector Measuring From Four Sides of a Human Body , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[45]  Xiao Zhang,et al.  Human-Target Detection and Surrounding Structure Estimation Under a Simulated Rubble via UWB Radar , 2013, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

[46]  Alexander G. Yarovoy,et al.  Experimental study on human being detection using UWB radar , 2006, 2006 International Radar Symposium.

[47]  Victor Lubecke,et al.  A heterodyne receiver for Harmonic Doppler radar cardiopulmonary monitoring with body-worn passive RF tags , 2010, 2010 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[48]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  Complex signal demodulation and random body movement cancellation techniques for non-contact vital sign detection , 2008, 2008 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[49]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  A microwave radio for Doppler radar sensing of vital signs , 2001, 2001 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Sympsoium Digest (Cat. No.01CH37157).

[50]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Robust Overnight Monitoring of Human Vital Signs by a Non-contact Respiration and Heartbeat Detector , 2006, 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[51]  Songcheol Hong,et al.  Two frequency radar sensor for non-contact vital signal monitor , 2008, 2008 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[52]  Rich Fletcher,et al.  Low-cost differential front-end for Doppler radar vital sign monitoring , 2009, 2009 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[53]  Tzyy-Sheng Horng,et al.  A Novel RF Sensing Circuit Using Injection Locking and Frequency Demodulation for Cognitive Radio Applications , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[54]  Byung-Kwon Park,et al.  Arctangent Demodulation With DC Offset Compensation in Quadrature Doppler Radar Receiver Systems , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[55]  Yazhou Wang,et al.  CW and Pulse–Doppler Radar Processing Based on FPGA for Human Sensing Applications , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[56]  Tzyy-Sheng Horng,et al.  Single-Antenna Doppler Radars Using Self and Mutual Injection Locking for Vital Sign Detection With Random Body Movement Cancellation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[57]  William D. Goodhue,et al.  Terahertz behavior of optical components and common materials , 2006, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[58]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Two-dimensional noncontact vital sign detection using Doppler radar array approach , 2011, 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[59]  O. Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Non-contact respiratory rate measurement validation for hospitalized patients , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[60]  Tzuen-Hsi Huang,et al.  60-GHz Millimeter-Wave Life Detection System (MLDS) for Noncontact Human Vital-Signal Monitoring , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[61]  Judith W Herrman,et al.  Evaluation of an infant simulator intervention for teen pregnancy prevention. , 2011, Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing : JOGNN.

[62]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  A Ka-Band Low Power Doppler Radar System for Remote Detection of Cardiopulmonary Motion , 2005, 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference.

[63]  M. Budge,et al.  Range correlation effects on phase and amplitude noise , 1993, Proceedings of Southeastcon '93.

[64]  Olga Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Signal Processing Methods for Doppler Radar Heart Rate Monitoring , 2008 .

[65]  Odile Picon,et al.  A Study of UWB FM-CW Radar for the Detection of Human Beings in Motion Inside a Building , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[66]  O. Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Range correlation effect on ISM band I/Q CMOS radar for non-contact vital signs sensing , 2003, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2003.

[67]  Tzyy-Sheng Horng,et al.  An injection-locked detector for concurrent spectrum and vital sign sensing , 2010, 2010 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[68]  M R Neuman,et al.  An electronic simulator for testing infant apnoea monitors that uses actual physiologic data. , 2001, Physiological measurement.

[69]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Random Body Movement Cancellation in Doppler Radar Vital Sign Detection , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[70]  Olga Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Detection of Multiple Heartbeats Using Doppler Radar , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings.

[71]  James C. Lin,et al.  Microwave sensing of physiological movement and volume change: a review. , 1992, Bioelectromagnetics.

[72]  Anatol Wiesner.  A multifrequency interferometric CW radar for vital signs detection , 2009, 2009 IEEE Radar Conference.

[73]  Aggelos K. Katsaggelos,et al.  Noncontact Millimeter-Wave Real-Time Detection and Tracking of Heart Rate on an Ambulatory Subject , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[74]  Carla Benton,et al.  Millimeter wave radar for remote measurement of vital signs , 2009, 2009 IEEE Radar Conference.

[75]  Reinhard Feger,et al.  A four channel 24-GHz FMCW radar sensor with two-dimensional target localization capabilities , 2008, 2008 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.