Aperiodic Tiling
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One of the most interesting ways of assembling small units is along one of the lattices that make up crystals. In this column I live entirely in a 2D world, so the crystals are nothing but collections of polygons in the plane. It is well known that there are only three regular polygons that can tile the plane. Here the verb tile means to cover the infinite plane with a set of polygons so that no gaps or overlaps exist among the polygons. Each polygon is called a tile and the composite pattern is called a tiling.
[1] J. Cahn,et al. Metallic Phase with Long-Range Orientational Order and No Translational Symmetry , 1984 .
[2] N. D. Bruijn. Algebraic theory of Penrose''s non-periodic tilings , 1981 .
[3] M. Gardner. Penrose Tiles To Trapdoor Ciphers , 1988 .
[4] R. Penrose. Pentaplexity A Class of Non-Periodic Tilings of the Plane , 1979 .