Two-Way Ranging Algorithms for Clock Error Compensation

Two-Way Ranging (TWR) is a widely used method for distance estimation in asynchronous wireless networks, but the deviation between the clocks can lead to errors in distance estimation. The ultra-wideband (UWB) technology provides the best accuracy in distance estimation, but total emission time is drastically limited by harmonized standards. Localization accuracy, latency and network scalability are key performance metrics in wireless location characterization. This article advances a new sequencing of the localization process, called Double-Beacon Two-Way Ranging (DB-TWR) algorithm, and presents the related time-of-flight (ToF) estimation formula, which is able to compensate for clock error and to reduce the localization period. The Fine Time Measurement (FTM) protocol, specified by the Wireless LAN (WLAN) standard, uses the TWR method and as a result the clock deviation leads to systematic errors in ToF estimation. The paper proposes two additional timestamps captures and a new ToF computation formula which compensates for clock deviation. The article provides a theoretical analysis and extensive simulations of errors propagation in the ranging process, both as a mean and as an uncertainty, and proves that the designed algorithms cancel the clock offsets entirely.