On the double role of surfactants as microalga cell lysis agents and antioxidants extractants

An integrated process based on the concomitant role of non-ionic surfactants as cell disrupters and organic extractants of intracellular antioxidants is proposed for the first time in this work. The lytic effect of two common families of surfactants on the cell walls of the microalga Tetraselmis suecica has been initially evaluated. The antioxidant extraction based on aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) was proposed using different potential salting out agents such as sodium inorganic and organic salts in aqueous solutions of the selected surfactants. The extraction efficiency was ascertained for the most representative biomolecules previously detected in this microalga: α-tocopherol, β-carotene and gallic acid. The viability of the process was checked in real lyophilized microalga samples, yielding higher antioxidant activity than that provided by an ultrasound-based conventional method.

[1]  Dal-Heui Lee,et al.  Effect of Tween surfactant components for remediation of toluene-contaminated groundwater , 2005 .

[2]  L. D. Silva,et al.  Liquid−Liquid Equilibrium of Aqueous Two-Phase System Composed of Poly(ethylene glycol) 400 and Sulfate Salts , 2010 .

[3]  B. Halliwell,et al.  Evaluation of the antioxidant and prooxidant actions of gallic acid and its derivatives , 1993 .

[4]  A. Otero,et al.  Changes in the nutrient composition of Tetraselmis suecica cultured semicontinuously with different nutrient concentrations and renewal rates , 1997 .

[5]  D. Sánchez‐Machado,et al.  High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of a-tocopherol in macroalgae , 2002 .

[6]  José Manuel Cruz,et al.  Natural antioxidants from residual sources , 2001 .

[7]  T. Osawa,et al.  Isolation of C-Glucosylflavone from Lemon Peel and Antioxidative Activity of Flavonoid Compounds in Lemon Fruit , 1997 .

[8]  Yi-Zhong Cai,et al.  Natural Phenolic Compounds From Medicinal Herbs and Dietary Plants: Potential Use for Cancer Prevention , 2009, Nutrition and cancer.

[9]  P. Albertsson.  Partition of cell particles and macromolecules : separation and purification of biomolecules, cell organelles, membranes, and cells in aqueous polymer two-phase systems and their use in biochemical analysis and biotechnology , 1986 .

[10]  Miguel Olaizola,et al.  Commercial development of microalgal biotechnology: from the test tube to the marketplace. , 2003, Biomolecular engineering.

[11]  N. Tam,et al.  Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant responses of two microalgal species, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum, to nonylphenol stress. , 2011, Chemosphere.

[12]  J. Sineiro,et al.  Sodium salt effect on aqueous solutions containing Tween 20 and Triton X-102 , 2012 .

[13]  Yun Wang,et al.  Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems of PPG400 and Biodegradable Salts at Temperatures of (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K , 2010 .

[14]  F. Hofmeister.  Zur Lehre von der Wirkung der Salze , 1888, Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie.

[15]  Ž. Vidaković-Cifrek,et al.  Toxicity of surfactants to green microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Scenedesmus subspicatus and to marine diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum. , 2005, Chemosphere.

[16]  V. L. Singleton,et al.  Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents , 1965, American Journal of Enology and Viticulture.

[17]  S. Aust,et al.  Microsomal lipid peroxidation. , 1978, Methods in enzymology.

[18]  G. F. Humphrey,et al.  New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton , 1975 .

[19]  Randall J. Bernot,et al.  Effects of ionic liquids on the survival, movement, and feeding behavior of the freshwater snail, Physa acuta , 2005, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[20]  J A Asenjo,et al.  Aqueous two-phase systems for protein separation. Studies on phase inversion. , 1998, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications.

[21]  Mohammed Taghi Zafarani-Moattar,et al.  Salting-Out Effect, Preferential Exclusion, and Phase Separation in Aqueous Solutions of Chaotropic Water-Miscible Ionic Liquids and Kosmotropic Salts: Effects of Temperature, Anions, and Cations , 2010 .

[22]  Jianji Wang,et al.  Ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase extraction of selected proteins , 2009 .

[23]  M. A. Sanromán,et al.  Impact of ionic liquids on extreme microbial biotypes from soil , 2011 .

[24]  M. A. Sanromán,et al.  Strategies for improving extracellular lipolytic enzyme production by Thermus thermophilus HB27. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[25]  J. A. Campo,et al.  Outdoor cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production: current state and perspectives , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[26]  Yongsheng Yan,et al.  Liquid–liquid equilibria of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and sodium citrate/tartrate/acetate aqueous two-phase systems at 298.15 K: Experiment and correlation , 2010 .

[27]  J. Abalde,et al.  Mass culture and biochemical variability of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica Kylin (Butch) with high nutrient concentrations , 1985 .

[28]  Y. Chisti,et al.  Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics. , 2003, Biotechnology advances.

[29]  João A. P. Coutinho,et al.  Aqueous biphasic systems composed of a water-stable ionic liquid + carbohydrates and their applications† , 2011 .

[30]  B. Patil,et al.  Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth and antioxidant activity of bioactive compounds from Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. , 2007, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

[31]  L. Rodolfi,et al.  Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low‐cost photobioreactor , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[32]  B. Patil,et al.  Bioactive compounds from sour orange inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.