Factors Required to Sustain Pastoral Farming Systems and Forage Supply In Winter-Cold Zones in Canada

Forage grasses and legumes ar the mam component of livestock diets in Canada. There are over 30 million ha of grassland in Canada and there is a large, undeveloped land base in fringe areas suitable for forage production. The short growing s season limits the grassland farming to the southern p parts of Canada. The win!er season is long and in most parts of Canada cold temperatures, frezmg, and thawing, and diseases exert sever stress on overwintering forage plants. The development of persistent cultivars is essential for sustained production particularly in the fringe areas with short growmg sason. The seasonality of dry matter production is a result of high growth rates in early summr and low dry matter accumulation in late summer and fall. Innovative management practIces a and cultivars with improved regrowth capacity are n necessary to overcome such skewed production pattern and to extend effiectlVe grazmg season l Improved pasture production is an important part of reducing costs in livestock operations and remaining competitive. It is suggested that applying available technology would increase pasture productivity and reduce dpendence on stored feeds thus improving profitability of small producers in particeular. Reducing nutrient losses during harvstmg, s storage, and feeding is essential for improved production efficiency during confinement. The devclopment of low cost and labor saving methods of ensiling is critical for improved efficiency and profitability of forage based enterprises Livestock industries must respond to consumer preferences for low fat and cholesterol foods. Research and development of entire production systems is emphasized for devloping viabl enterprises. It is increasingly difficult to secure resources for rsearch, education, and extension, and allianes and cooperation must expand among organizations with interests in forage based livestock systems.