High Energy Cosmic Rays From Supernovae

Cosmic rays are charged relativistic particles that reach the Earth with extremely high energies, providing striking evidence of the existence of effective accelerators in the Universe. Below an energy around $\sim 10^{17}$ eV cosmic rays are believed to be produced in the Milky Way while above that energy their origin is probably extragalactic. In the early '30s supernovae were already identified as possible sources for the Galactic component of cosmic rays. After the '70s this idea has gained more and more credibility thanks to the the development of the diffusive shock acceleration theory, which provides a robust theoretical framework for particle energization in astrophysical environments. Afterwards, mostly in recent years, much observational evidence has been gathered in support of this framework, converting a speculative idea in a real paradigm. In this Chapter the basic pillars of this paradigm will be illustrated. This includes the acceleration mechanism, the non linear effects produced by accelerated particles onto the shock dynamics needed to reach the highest energies, the escape process from the sources and the transportation of cosmic rays through the Galaxy. The theoretical picture will be corroborated by discussing several observations which support the idea that supernova remnants are effective cosmic ray factories.

[1]  F. Zwicky,et al.  Remarks on Super-Novae and Cosmic Rays , 1934 .

[2]  Enrico Fermi,et al.  On the Origin of the Cosmic Radiation , 1949 .

[3]  Enrico Fermi,et al.  Galactic Magnetic Fields and the Origin of Cosmic Radiation. , 1954 .

[4]  R. Kulsrud,et al.  The Effect of Wave-Particle Interactions on the Propagation of Cosmic Rays , 1969 .

[5]  The Effectiveness of Instabilities for the Confinement of High Energy Cosmic Rays in the Galactic Disk , 1971 .

[6]  J. Skilling Cosmic Ray Streaming—I Effect of Alfvén Waves on Particles , 1975 .

[7]  J. Skilling Cosmic Ray Streaming—II EFFECT OF PARTICLES ON ALFVÉN WAVES , 1975 .

[8]  G. Krymskiĭ A regular mechanism for the acceleration of charged particles on the front of a shock wave , 1977 .

[9]  W. I. Axford THE ACCELERATION OF COSMIC RAYS BY SHOCK WAVES , 1981 .

[10]  R. Chevalier,et al.  Optical emission from a fast shock wave - The remnants of Tycho's supernova and SN 1006 , 1978 .

[11]  A. Bell The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts – I , 1978 .

[12]  Jeremiah P. Ostriker,et al.  Particle Acceleration by Astrophysical Shocks , 1978 .

[13]  R. Kirshner,et al.  The optical emission from a fast shock wave with application to supernova remnants , 1980 .

[14]  J. Cordes,et al.  Density power spectrum in the local interstellar medium , 1981, Nature.

[15]  J. F. Mckenzie,et al.  Non-linear theory of cosmic ray shocks including self-generated Alfven waves , 1982 .

[16]  C. Cesarsky,et al.  The maximum energy of cosmic rays accelerated by supernova shocks , 1983 .

[17]  Cosmic-ray shock acceleration in the presence of self-excited waves , 1983 .

[18]  S. Falle,et al.  On the stability of shocks modified by particle acceleration , 1986 .

[19]  J. F. Mckenzie,et al.  Galactic winds. I. Cosmic ray and wave-driven winds from the galaxy. , 1991 .

[20]  S. Reynolds,et al.  Electron acceleration in Tycho's and Kepler's supernova remnants - Spectral evidence of Fermi shock acceleration , 1992 .

[21]  C. Longair,et al.  High Energy Astrophysics. Vol.1. Particles, Photons and their Detection , 1992 .

[22]  Biermann,et al.  Origin of galactic cosmic rays. , 1995, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[23]  H. Völk,et al.  Magnetohydrodynamic Wind Driven by Cosmic Rays in a Rotating Galaxy , 1996 .

[24]  C. Bellone,et al.  ON A ROLE , 1996 .

[25]  L. Drury,et al.  Nonlinear theory of diffusive acceleration of particles by shock waves , 2001 .

[26]  High resolution spectroscopy of Balmer-dominated shocks in the RCW 86, Kepler and SN 1006 supernova remnants , 2003, astro-ph/0306196.

[27]  A. Bell Turbulent amplification of magnetic field and diffusive shock acceleration of cosmic rays , 2004 .

[28]  A. Bell The interaction of cosmic rays and magnetized plasma , 2005 .

[29]  On the role of injection in kinetic approaches to non‐linear particle acceleration at non‐relativistic shock waves , 2005, astro-ph/0505351.

[30]  P. P. Plucinsky,et al.  Cosmic-Ray Acceleration at the Forward Shock in Tycho’s Supernova Remnant: Evidence from Chandra X-Ray Observations , 2005, astro-ph/0507478.

[31]  X-ray synchrotron emission from supernova remnants , 2005, astro-ph/0503309.

[32]  Jörg R. Höorandel A review of experimental results at the knee , 2006 .

[33]  Two-fluid models of cosmic-ray modified radiative shocks including the effects of an acoustic instability , 2007 .

[34]  J. Bartlett,et al.  Universal behaviour of silica suspensions gelled under shear , 2007, Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal.

[35]  J. Giacalone,et al.  Magnetic Field Amplification by Shocks in Turbulent Fluids , 2007 .

[36]  Felix A. Aharonian,et al.  Extremely fast acceleration of cosmic rays in a supernova remnant , 2007, Nature.

[37]  John P. Hughes,et al.  Morphological Evidence for Azimuthal Variations of the Cosmic-Ray Ion Acceleration at the Blast Wave of SN 1006 , 2008, 0803.0805.

[38]  G. Morlino,et al.  Spatial structure of X‐ray filaments in SN 1006 , 2009, 0912.2972.

[39]  Fermilab,et al.  Dynamical feedback of self‐generated magnetic fields in cosmic ray modified shocks , 2008, 0807.4261.

[40]  A. Shalchi Nonlinear Cosmic Ray Diffusion Theories , 2009 .

[41]  K. Heng Balmer-Dominated Shocks: A Concise Review , 2009, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia.

[42]  E. Amato,et al.  The contribution of supernova remnants to the galactic cosmic ray spectrum , 2009, 0912.2964.

[43]  L. Drury Escaping the accelerator: how, when and in what numbers do cosmic rays get out of supernova remnants? , 2010, 1009.4799.

[44]  A. Bell,et al.  A filamentation instability for streaming cosmic-rays , 2011, 1109.5690.

[45]  J. Vink,et al.  Supernova remnants: the X-ray perspective , 2011 .

[46]  D. Ellison,et al.  Magnetic Fields in Cosmic Particle Acceleration Sources , 2011, 1105.0130.

[47]  A. Bell,et al.  Diffusive Shock Acceleration and Magnetic Field Amplification , 2012, 1203.1637.

[48]  A. Spitkovsky,et al.  COSMIC-RAY-INDUCED FILAMENTATION INSTABILITY IN COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS , 2012, 1211.6765.

[49]  P. Giommi,et al.  Detection of the Characteristic Pion-Decay Signature in Supernova Remnants , 2013, Science.

[50]  G. Morlino,et al.  COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS IN A PARTIALLY IONIZED MEDIUM. III. EFFICIENT COSMIC RAY ACCELERATION , 2012, 1211.6148.

[51]  A. Bell,et al.  Universal behaviour of shock precursors in the presence of efficient cosmic ray acceleration , 2013, 1301.3173.

[52]  Avid,et al.  A database of charged cosmic rays , 2013, 1302.5525.

[53]  E. Amato The origin of galactic cosmic rays , 2014, 1406.7714.

[54]  G. Morlino Using optical lines to study particle acceleration at supernova remnants , 2014, 1409.1112.

[55]  D. A. Green,et al.  A catalogue of 294 Galactic supernova remnants , 2014, 1409.0637.

[56]  A. Spitkovsky,et al.  SIMULATIONS OF ION ACCELERATION AT NON-RELATIVISTIC SHOCKS. II. MAGNETIC FIELD AMPLIFICATION , 2014, 1401.7679.

[57]  Radio spectral characteristics of the supernova remnant Puppis A and nearby sources , 2015, 1506.03801.

[58]  G. Morlino,et al.  Cosmic ray driven galactic winds , 2016, International Journal of Modern Physics D.